“ kuamiaia ; ” is further enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt : C. junC0
was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in vineyards from the Peloponnesus throughout
the Greek islands to Constantinople, and on Lemnos its gum collected. Westward, is termed
“ ch. juncea viscosa arvensis quæ prima Dioscoridis ” by Tournefort mst. 475; was observed by
Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe Qacq. austr. pl. 427, and
Rcrs J
'chondrilla ramosissima of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece “ hônthrôs ”
(Fraas) and included perhaps in the “ hônthrôs ” — or “ honthrulla” in question: the “ ëteron
kônthri’llë s ” having according to Dioscorides eroded leaves oblong and spreading on the ground, the
root slender and full of juice, the stem juicy also and suitable for cooking, is referred here by Fraas :
C. ramosissima was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Attica and Boeotia. ^
“ 431 B. C .” (Thucyd. ii. 2, and Clint.), commencement of the “ Peloponnesian war, against
the Athenians. — The war continued nearly “ twenty-seven ” years.
“ August 3 d ” (Thucyd. ii. 28, and Clint.), an eclipse.
“ 4 3 o''b . C . ” (Thucyd. ii. 47, and Clint.), pestilence at Athens. '
“ In this y e a r ” (Liv., and Sm. b. d.), to avert pestilence, a temple to Apollo first built at Rome.
It was dedicated by the consul C. Julius (Mento). *
“ 429, autumn” (Clint.), death of Pericles; after governing Athens “ fo r ty ” yeafs, the last
“ fifteen ” without colleagues. , „ y • tv
Amaranthus blitum of Tropical Arabia. Called in Germany “ gemiisamaranth (Fraas), in I ranee
“ amarante b le tte ” (Fée), in Italy “ biedone” or “ blito ” (Lenz), in Greece “ vliton ” (Sibth.) or
“ v lita ” (Fraas), in Egypt “ fisa klab,” in Yemen “ schedach ” (Forsk.). in Egyptian “ riplroi or
“ ëhlôtôripan ” (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the nickname “ vlitomammas ” applied toth e
sons of Pericles — (Muell. note to Festus), also the “ vliton ” or “ vlëtôn ” mentioned by Aristophanes
nub loot Theopompus, Antiphanes, Menander, Athenaeus ii. 73, and prescribed by Hippocrates
A bliium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste and cultivated ground
from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands; by Forskal, and Dehle, as far as Cairo ; rod
bv Forskal, wild in Yemen. Westward, the “ v lë tôn ” is identified m Syn. Diosc. with the vies
of the Dacians, and “ vlitôum ” of the Romans; the “ blitum” is mentioned by Plautus, and
Palladius iv 9 17, by Pliny xx. 93 as “ stomacho inutile” unwholesome food but used medicinally:
A blitum is described by Lobel pl. 250; is termed “ blitum sylvestre spicatum” by Tournefort
inst. 507 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to occur as a weed as far as middle Europe
(Pers and A. Dec.). Eastward from Arabia, is known to occur m Hindustan (Moqum), and the
“ A viridis ” observed there by Roxburgh iii. 60, by Graham “ a common weed in gardens and cultivated
-rounds ” in the environs of Bombay, no native name being given, is regarded as probably
identical By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed in Virginia (Pers ),
and by Nuttall in the outskirts of Philadelphia (“ A. græcizans ” of Willd.); to Cuba, Buenos
Avres, C h i l i , a n d Peru ( C . Gay, and Moq.); and-to Austral Africa (Drège).
Euxolus oleraceus of Hindustan. An allied plant distinguished m Yemen as “ schedach hindi
(Forsk ) • and possibly included in the “ vliton ” in question : — the “ vliton ” is enumerated among
potherbs by Polemon diæt. ii, Theophrastus, and according to Dioscorides is a wholesome eroulent
of no medicinal use : the “ blitum” is enumerated by Alpinus among the esculent plants of Egypt ;
and an “ amaranthus ” called “ vliton,” with leaves not retuse, was found by Forskal cooked and
eaten at Smyrna: E. oleraceus is termed “ blitum album majus” by Tournefort mst. 507; was
observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground around Constantinople ; by Forskal, under cultivation in
Yemen. Eastward, has no Sanscrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.), but in the environs of Bombay is
called “ tamdoolja ” or “ maat tambree,” and “ several varieties are commonly cultivated and used as
spina-e ” (Graham) ; was observed by Roxburgh in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, “ exotic
in Bulmah, cultivated and called “ hen-ka-nway,” or by residents Nepaul spm ige : the “ amaranthus
mangostanus” of Blanco, cooked and eaten on the Philippines and called m Tagalo “ lialon, may
also be compared. By European colonists, E. oleraceus was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where
it is cultivated and called “ brède de Malabar grande espèce,” and has become naturalized (Boj.) ; to
Tropical America, where it is also cultivated (A . Dec.). r t
“ 429-8 B. C. ( = fourth year of 87th Olymp.,” Sync., and Sm. b. d.), at Athens, Eupolis first
exhibiting comedy. . n a ■ r-
Cistus villosus of the Mediterranean countries. A species of rock-rose cai ed in Greece
“ kôunôuklia ” (Fraas) or “ kistari ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the “ kistharon or kissaron
identified through Syn. Diosc. with the K IS 6 0 N of Eupolis - (Plut. symp. iv. i), Mne.simachus,
and I Morb. mul. 614, usually written “ k is to s ” by Dioscorides, Galen, Athenaeus ix. p. 403,
Hesychius, Aetius, and Paulus Aegineta : the “ kistôs arrën ” is distinguished by Theophrastus vi 2
as having purplish flowers : C. villosus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, abounding from the
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; and farther South, the “ kisth ” is mentioned
by Avicenna p. 245 (Spreng.). Westward, the male kind of the “ cisthon ” of the Greeks is described
by Pliny xxiv. 48 as having the flower “ rosaceus ; ” C. villosus is described by Matthioli valgr. i.
p. 159 ; is termed “ c. mas major folio rotundiore ” by Tournefort inst. 259 ; and is known to grow in
Italy, Spain, and Barbary (Desf., and Pers.).
Cistus salvifolius o f the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ asprôkôunôuklia ” or
“ agria alësphakia ” (Fraas) or “ agriö phaskômëlia ” or “ k is tar i” (Sibth.) and included perhaps in
the “ kisthon” of Eupolis, — and others : the “ kistôs thëlus ” is mentioned by Theophrastus, and is
distinguished by Dioscorides as having white flowers : C. salvifolius was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople. Wes tward,
the “ cisthon ” of the Greeks is described by Pliny as a shrub larger than “ thymo” with leaves
of “ ocimi,” the female kind having the flower white ; C. salvifolius is termed “ c. fcemina folio salviæ
elatior et rectis virgis ” by Tournefort inst. 259; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is
known to grow also in Carniolia, Italy, Sicily, and as far as Switzerland (Pers., and Spreng.).
Pisum sativum of the Crimea and neighbouring countries. Called in Britain pea or by old
writers pease (Prior), in France “ p o is ” (A. Dec.), in Italy “ p ise llo ” (Franz), in Greece “ p izë lia ”
(Fraas) or “ au k ö s ” (Sibth.); in which we recognize the pi SOY of Eupolis, — Aristophanes,
Antiphanes, Phanias of Eresus, Theophrastus viii. 3, Athenaeus, and Clemens Alexandrinus
strom. i. 7, (the pea-bug, Bruchus pisi, distinctly mentioned by Theophrastus caus. iii. 27) : P.
sativum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus, seldom
cultivated buf occurring as a weed in cultivated ground ; by Bieberstein ii. p. 151, wild on hills in the
Crimea (A. Dec.) ; and was seen by Alpinus in Egypt. Westward, the “ pisum” according to
Pliny xviii. 31 was sown in Greece in November, but in Italy and farther North in the Spring; is
mentioned also by Virgil geor. i. 74, and Columella; P. sativum is described by C. Bauhin, and
Rivinus ; is termed “ pi hortense majus flore fructuque albo ” by Tournefort inst. 394 ; and is known
to be cultivated from Italy tliroughout middle Europe. (Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Greece,
has a Sanscrit name (Pidd.), is called in Bengalee “ matar,” in Hindustanee “ matar” or “ dana ”
(D ’roz.) ; was observed by Graham “ cultivated in gardens during the cold season ” in the environs
of Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, “ e xo tic ” in Burmah ;
by Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called “ wan,” or usually “ nora name.” B y European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cultivated.
Ononis Cherleri of the Mediterranean countries. The A i n P Y P O S of Eupolis, — employed when
plentiful for the caprification of figs, mentioned also by Theocritus iv, and identified by Cratevas with
the “ anönis” (Anguilk), may be compared; the “ aigipurös ” is described by Demetrius as red-
flowered (schol. Aristoph. ran. 310, and Schneid.), by schol. Theocr. as a spiny plant “ akanthôthës ”
with the leaf “ platu ” as in lentil “ glaukizöusa,” good for inflamed ulcers : O. Cherleri was observed
by Sibthorp on Cyprus ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. Wes tward,
is termed “ a. arvensis hirsuta pusilla viscosa multis siliquis cerniiis ” by Cupani pl. 17, as
observed by him in Sicily ; “ a. pusilla villosa et viscosa purpurascente flore ” by Tournefort inst. 408 ;
was observed by Desfontaines ii. 14S in Barbary; and is' known to grow also in Italy, Spain, and
Southern France (Bauh. hist. ii. pl. 394, and Pers.).
Ononis antiqtiorutn of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain from its
strong matted roots rest-harrow, in France “ arrête-boeuf” (Prior), in Germany “ heuhechel,” in
Italy “ bulimacola” or “ anonide” (Lenz), in Greece “ palamonitha ” or “ anonëitha” (Sibth.) ; and
possibly the “ aigipurös” in question: — the “ anönis” is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the
“ önönis” of Theophrastus vi. i. 3 to 5. 3 having leaves separate from the thorns, hated by agriculturists,
and on account of its roots difficult to extirpate, menlioned also by Nicander, and
according to Dioscorides piclded and eaten before the thorns are developed: O. antiquorum was
observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus
throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, the “ anoniil” or “ ononida” is according to
Pliny xxi, 58 to xxvii. 12 “ aratro inimica,” but his further account seems chiefly taken from the
Greeks: 0 . antiquorum is described by Dodoens p. 743, and Lobel ii. pl. 28 (Spreng.) ; is termed
“ a. legitima antiquorum ” by Tournefort cor. 28 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, and is known to grow
in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). “ O. spinosa,” termed “ a. spinosa flore purpureo ” by
Tournefort inst. 408, observed by Siiithorp from Zacynthus to Constantinople, and known to occur
throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 783, and Pers.), is regarded as probably
not distinct.
Artemisia dracunculus of Tartary. Called in Britain tarragon (Prior), in France “ e stragon”
(Pers.), among the Arabs “ tharkhun ; ” and the TA PI XOS : < I >P ŸnON; H: T A A E I P IKON of Eupolis,—
or “ tarihös phrugiön ” of Antiphanes, the Hippocratic writings, and Athenaeus, maybe compared:
the “ tharkhun ” is mentioned by Ebn Masawia, Abu Hanifa, Rhazes, Avicenna, Symeon Sethus,
•1 i