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246 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
is besides cultivated as a garden flower (Lenz). Is enumerated with the preceding by Christison,
and Lindley, “ among the most active of the poisonous species.” (See Adonis mstivalis).
Anemone {Pulsatilla) pratensis of the plains of Northern Europe and Asia. The “ anSmSng
mèlaina,” included through Syn. Diosc. in the “ atraktulis” of Pythagoras,— and described by
Dioscorides as more acrid than the preceding and having black “ phulla ” petals, may be compared :
P. pratensis was observed by Sestini as far South as Constantinople (Sibth ). Westward, is termed
“ p. flore minore nigricante” by Tournefort inst. 284 ; is known to grow in open situations in middle
Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 6 u , V ili, and Pers.) : and is enumerated by Stoerk, and
Lindley, among medicinal plants. (See Adonis autumnalis).
Anemone (Pulsatilla) vulgaris of the plains of Northern Europe and Asia. An allied species,
possibly the “ anèmòng mèlaina ” in question : — P. vulgaris was observed also by Sestini as far
South as Constantinople (Sibth.) ; is known to grow also throughout Siberia as far as Daouria (Dec.,
and Steud.). Westward, is termed “ p. folio crassiore et majore flore ” by Tournefort inst. 2S4 ; is
known to grow in open situations in middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 153, Engl. bot.
p l 151). The root according to Lindley is so acrid that the operator requires protection in pulverising
it. ^ . . . • n \ •
Sinapis nigra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain musiard (Lindi.), m
France “ moutarde ” (Nugent), in Germany “ senf,” in Italy “ senape ” or “ senapa ” (Lenz) ; in which we
recognize the “ sinapi ” whose penetrating power is commended by Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 87) the
“ khardal” of Badigoras (Pythagoras), Maserjawia, and Rhazes, is distinguished by Ebn Baitar:
S. nigra was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus and around Constantinople ; but according
to CIot-Bey and Figari has only recently been introduced into Egypt. Westward, the phrase “ teritur
sinapi” occurs in Plautus (Beda orthogr.) ; the “ sinape” or “ sinap i” is mentioned also by Columella,
and Palladius ; by Pliny xix. 54 as growing wild, improved by being transplanted, difficult to
exterminate where once sown, and one ot three kinds “ simile rapi foliis : ” S. nigra is termed “ s. rapi
folio ” by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy under cultivation as well as wild ; and
is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Pers.). By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues springing spontaneously in cultivated
ground and around dwellings. The seeds according to Lindley are employed medicinally in different
preparations, including their flour “ in the form of a poultice ” as a local irritant.
Sinapis alba of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white mustard
(Lin dl), in Germany “ weisser senf,” in Italy “ senape bian ca ” (Lenz), in Greece “ agriovrouva”
or “ n ap i” or “ sinapi” (F ra a s ) ; and possibly the “ sinapi” of Pythagoras : — the phrase to look
“ napu” occurs in Aristophanes eq. 631; and the “ napu ” of Polemon diaet. ii. 25, the Hippocratic
Affect. 40 and i Morb. mul. 30, and Theophrastus, identified by Dioscorides with the “ sinepi ” of
Nicander and others, is referred here, by Fraas : S. alba was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, frequent in the Peloponnesus both wild and in gardens ; is enumerated by CIot-Bey and Figari
as only recently introduced into Egypt. Westward, the “ n ap u ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with
the “ sin ap é ” of the Romans; and one of the three kinds of “ napy ” or “ sinapi ” is described by
Pliny xix. 54 as resembling the “ erucae : ” S. alba is termed “ s. album siliqua hirsuta semine albo
e t r u fo ” by Tournefort inst. 227; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy; is cultivated and known to
occur in waste ground throughout middle Europe (Pers ). By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and according to A. Gray has been found
springing up spontaneously. The seeds “ in their entire state ” are according to Lindley a stimulating
cathartic, and their flour is employed “ in the composition of common table mustard.”
Ruta Montana of the Mediterranean countries. A species of wild rue called in Greece “ agrios
and
péganos ” (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the “ ruta silvestris ” of Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 51),
“ pëganôn a grión ” and “ ôrëinôn” of Dioscorides: the “ ruta ” distinguished from the “ pegana ’
by Cratinus (Athen.) may also be compared : R. montana was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in
mountainous dry situations in Asia Minor and Greece. Westward, the “ pëganôn agrión” and
“ ôrëinôn” or “ rutën ôrëinën ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ rôuta montana ” of the
Romans ; the account of the “ ruta sylvestris ” by Pliny seems in part taken from Dioscortdes ; but
R. montana is described by Clusius hist. ii. p. 136, is termed “ r. sylvestris minor” by Tournefort
inst. 257, was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary, and is known to grow in Southern Europe as far
as Switzerland (Thuill , and Pers,).
Ruta Patavina of the East Mediterranean countries. The kind of “ ruta silvestris” distinguished
as “ marem ” by Pythagoras, having smaller leaves herbaceous in colour or brighter green —
(Plin. XX. 51), may be compared: R. Patavina was observed by Sibthorp on mount Parnassus ; by
Micbeli n. g. xxii. pl. 19, near Padua in Italy (Pers.).
I le x aquifoliujn of Europe and the Caucasian countries. Called in Britain holly or holm or
holien, Anglo-Saxon “ h o len ” or “ holegn ” (Prior), in France “ houx ” (Nugent), in Germany
■Hjf jfli
“ stechpalme,” in Italy “ alloro spinoso” or “ agrifoglio” or “ aquifolio” (Lenz), in Greece “ léó-
pourna ” (Hawk ) ; in which we recognize the “ aquifoiia ” whose flower is said by Pythagoras to
congeal water, — identified by Pliny xxiv. 72 and xxvii. 40 with the “ crataegon ” or “ crataegona” of
Theophrastus iii. 15. 6, who describes it as a tree not large and the only one of its kind, bearing
round berries turning yellowish or blackish in ripening: I. aquifoliura was observed by Hawkins,
Sibthorp, Grisebach, and Fraas, around Constantinople and on the mountains of Greece ; by Tclii-
hatcheff, in Asia Minor, but has not been met with beyond Caucasus (Pallas, Ledeb., Bieb., and A.
Dec.). Farther South, the “ krataigos ” or “ krataigón ” was known to Athenaeus ii. 34 in Egypt.
Westward, “ vectes aquifolios ” are mentioned by Cato ; the “ aquifolium ” is described by Pliny xv.
29 and xvi. 38 as a tree bearing berries, its leaves prickly and not deciduous : 1. aquifolium after the
conversion of Britain was substituted in church ceremonies for the olive, and hence one of its English
n a m e s f r o m the French “ olivier ” (Googe’s Naogeorgus, and Prior); is termed “ aquifolium
sive agrifolium vulgo ” by Tournefort inst. 600 ; is known to grow on the Alps and Pyrenees and
throughout middle Europe as far as “ Lat, 62° 15' ” in Norway (fl. Dan. pl. ;o8. Gunner, and A. Dec.).
By European colonists, was carried to Madeira (Webb). The bark according to Lindley affords birdlime,
is besides employed medicinally together with the leaves and root.
Anthriscus sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wild cicely
or cow parsley or cow weed or kecks or kecksies or kixes, in a manuscript of the Fourteenth century
“ keiex,” the “ stemmes both of this herbe and hemlocke ” used according to Lyle “ for quills and
caxes to winde yarne upon ” (Prior) : the “ cicutam ” of Pythagoras, — Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Persius,
the stem eaten but seeds noxious according to Pliny xxiv. lo i to xxv. 95, maybe compared;
the “ kikoutam” of the Romans is mentioned also in Syn. Diosc. iv. 79; and a pandean pipe of seven
“ cicutis,” by Virgil : A. sylvestris is described by Fuchsius p. 524 (Spreng.); is termed “ ch. sylvestre
perenne cicutae fo lio ” by Tournefort inst. 314; is distinguished as “ magna ramosissima odore
tetra ” by Persoon ; is known to grow wild on the mountains of Italy and Spain (Boiss., and A. Dec.),
occurring besides in cultivated ground “ a common w e ed ” as far as Britain (Jacq. austr. pl. 149, Curt,
lond. iv. pl. 24, Pers., and L ind l). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the
Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to occur as far as Caucasus (Lindl.) ; and was observed
by Schimper among the mountains of Abyssinia. Is according to Lindley the “ herba cicutarim ” of
the shops, and is “ reputed to be similar in its effects to hemlock only rather less narcotic.” (See
Caucalis daucoides).
Anthriscus vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain I'ough
cicely or rough chervil or hcmlock-chervil (Prior); and possibly included with the preceding inthe
“ cicutam ” in question : — the “ wudu ceruille ” or “ wudu cerfillu ” of the Anglo-Saxon translation
of Apuleius 86 may also be compared : A. vulgaris is termed “ ch. sylve.stre seminibus brevibus hirsutis
” by Tournefort inst, 314; is known as “ a common annual weed ” on the borders of cultivated
ground from Italy to Britain (Scop., AIL, Jacq. austr. pl. 154, Curl. lond. i. pl. 19, Pers., Steud., and
Lindl). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; is known to occur
also in the Crimea (Bieb , and Lindl.). The plant according to Lindley is “ deleterious,” and an
instance of several persons poisoned by its being placed by mistake in soup is related by Burnett.
Mandragora officinalis oi the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Germany
“ alraun ” (Grieb), in France “ mandragore ” (Nugent), in Italy “ mandragora ” (Lenz), in Greece
“ manthragoura ” (Sibth.), in Palestine “ yabrochak ” (Royle), in which we recognize the “ manthra-
goras ” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian “ apémóun,” the “ emionous ” or “ gónógéónas ” of
the prophets, A N 0 PO f OM O P<I>0 N of Pythagoras, — and “ thiamonon ” or “ arhinén ” of Zoroaster :
the “ manthragoras ” is mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 39, Alexis, Demosthenes 133. i, Aristotle
somn. 3, Apollodorus iii. 15, and Lucian tim., its root is prescribed in Locis in horn. 48, considered a
love-charm according to Dioscorides, and Venus sometimes termed “ manthragórités ” according to
Hesychius : the “ manthragoras ” is mentioned in the Septuagint translation of Gen. xxx. 14, confirmed
by Josephus ; the “ ybrwhyn ” in the Syriac translation, and the “ ybruh ” is mentioned by Abulfadli,
Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar: M. officinalis continues known in Egypt from its imported root, enumerated
by Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally; was observed by Hasselquist, and Mariti ii.
p. 19s, growing in Palestine, its fruit edible “ of the size and colour of a small apple, exceedingly
ruddy, and of a most agreeable odour ” (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands, its fruit remaining during winter
and the flowering of the succeeding Spring; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward,
the “ manthragoras ” or “ kirkaian ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ mala térréstria ” or “ mala
canina” of the Romans; the “ mandragora ” is mentioned by Celsus v. 25, its fruit by Pliny xxv. 94
as sometimes eaten; and the “ semihominis mandragorae ” by C o lu m e l la .. . ; M. officinalis is
described by Platearius f. 241 (Spreng.), Tragus 126, Lobel pl. 267, and Stapel), is termed “ m.
fructu rotundo” by Tournefort inst. 76; ancl is known to grow in Italy, Switzerland, and Spain (Pers.,
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