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912 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
mountains of Dahuria. Westward, by Hooker, in Iceland ; was received by. Steinhauer from Labrador
(Collins) ; and is known to grow in Greenland and British America (Wats ).
J u n c u s i r i g l u m i s of the Arctic region and alpine summits fartlier South. Observed by Thalius
60— (Spreng.), and C. Bauhin theatr. 22; known to grow on the Swiss Alps (Koch) and the Pyrenees
(Gay, and A. Dec.) ; also on the mountains of Britain (Bab.), the Faroe Islands (Wats.),
Scandinavian peninsula (fl. Dan. pl. 132, and Fries), Finland, and on Caucasus and the Altaian mountains
(Ledeb.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland, and received from the summits of
the Rocky mountains.
“ 1587, Feb. i8th ” (Blair), in England, Mary ex-queen of Scotland beheaded.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Dalechamp publishing his botanical writings, enumerating I n u l a s a x a
t i l i s 1201, P o l j ’g a l a M o n s p e l i a c a 490, T h y m b r a v e r t i c i l l a t a 934, V i c i a a n g u s t i f o l i a 478, V e r o n i c a
t i r t i c a e f o l i a 1165, E l y m u s a r e n a r i u s 432, K n a p p i a a g r o s t o id e a 424, P l a n t a g o a l p i n a 1183, C a m p h o r
o sm a g l a b r a 1179, A n d r o s a c e c h a m a e i a sm e 1204, V i o l a c a l c a r a t a 1204, C o n v o l v u l u s s a x a t i l i s 817,
R a m o n d i a P y r e n a i c a 837, E r y n g i u m r i g i d u m 1462, A n g e l i c a P y r e n a i c a 766, C a u c a l i s p l a t y c a r p o s
762, M y r r h i s a r o m a t i c a 760, “ pyrethrum Gesneri” 1170 S e s e l i g r a c i l e , O e n a n t h e g l o b u l o s a 724, S l u m
v e r t i c i l l a t u m 718, O r n i t h o g a l u m l a t i f o l i u m 1583, M o e h r i n g i a m u s c o s a 1235, A c e r M o n s p e s s u l a n u m
95, G y p s o p h i l a r i g i d a 1191, H e l i a n t h e m t im t u b e r a r i a 1099, L a t n m m i n c i s u m 1253, E r i t m s a l p i n u s
1184, O n o n i s p i n g u i s 449, C o r o n i l l a z z i in im a 510, O r j i i t h o p u s p e r p u s i l h i s 486, A s t r a g a l u s m o n t a n u s
1347, A r n o p o g o n D a l e c h a m p i i 569, A n d r y a l a i n t e g r i f o l i a 1116, C o n y z a s ó r d i d a 778, E r i g e r o n g l u t i -
n o s u m 1201, C h r y s a n t h e m u m M y c o n i S 7 3 , and O r c h i s g l o b o s a 1556. — He died “ in 1588.”
A l t h æ a h i r s u t a of the Mediterranean countries. An annual described by Dalechamp 594 —
(Spreng.), and Barrelier pl. 1169; termed “ alcea hirsuta” by Tournefort inst. 98, and known to
grow in Spain, France, Itaty, and Austria (Jacq. austr. pl. 170, and Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp in
the Peloponnesus. In Britain is marked by A. Decandolle as introduced since 1724, maintaining
itself in a single locality in Kent (Engl. bot. pl. 2674, Bab., and Wats.) ; occurs also in one locality in
Holland, apparently washed down by the Meuse (prodr. fl. bat. 50) ; occurs also in Luxembourg
(Lestib.), and seemingly wild at some points in Normandy and the Calvados (Hard., Ren., L ed .).
A n t h o x a n t lm m o d o r a t u t n of Northern climates. A sweet-scented grass called in Britain v e r n
a l g r a s s (Prior), described by Dalechamp pl. 426, — and termed “ gramen anthoxanthum spicatum ”
by Tournefort inst. 518: known to grow from the Faroe Islands and Lapland throughout Europe to
Barbary (fl. Dan. pl. 666, Pers., and Wats.), also in Siberia (A. Dec.); and observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, in Greece and on the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, was observed by Hooker in Iceland;
is known to grow also in Greenland and Newfoundland (Wats., and Hook.) ; observed by myself
along the Atlantic from 44° to 40°, often in wild situations in the forest ; by A. Gray, “ naturalized ”
in central New Yo rk ; by Chapman, in “ low grounds around the larger cities, Savannah, Charleston,
etc., introduced.”
C a m p a z t id a p a t u l a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Dalechamp 490*
— (Spreng.); termed “ rapunculus angustifolius floribus purpuréis amplis” by Ray extr. 308, “ c.
minor rotundifolia flore in summis cauliculis ” by Tournefort inst. 112, and known to grow throughout
middle Europe (Dillen.' elth. pl. 58, fl. Dan. pl. 373, Engl. bot. pl. 42, and Pers.) : observed by
Hooker in Iceland; by Linnæus, in Finland; by Link pl. 79, in Portug.rl ; bySibthorp, and Chaubard,
in the Peloponnesus; and known to grow in Russia and Northern Asia (Wats ).
E u p h o r b i a e s u l a of middle Europe. — Termed “ esula Dalechampii” by Haworth (Steud.),
“ tithymalus foi. linearibus petalis emarginatis ” by Haller 1046 as observed in Switzerland, and known
to »row in woods and pasture-land in various parts of middle Europe (Pers,, and Lindl.) : observed
by Scopoli in Carniolia. In Britain, from the few and wayside localities is suspected by Watson to
be exotic ; it occurs also in Sweden (Fries), Holl.and (prodr. fl. bat.), Jersey (Bab.), and Normandy
(Breb.), but in all Northwestern Europe is regarded by A. Decandolle as probably exotic. By Euro-
* S e s e l i m o n t a n u m of middle Europe. Described by Dalechamp 759-— (Spreng.), and Black-
well pl. 426; known to grow on the hills of France and Italy (Pers.) ; observed by Thuillier in the
environs of Paris (Steud.) ; within less than fifty years from the opening of the Doubs cana! “ to
1822,” made its appearance in the environs of Montbelliard (Bern,, and A. Dec.).
W o o d s ia I l v e n s i s of Northern climates. A small tufted fern termed “ lonchitis aspera Ilvensis ”
by Dalechamp 1221, — and Bauhin hist. iii. 749, and known to grow throughout Northern Europe
(Moris, iii. 14. pl. 3, and Pluk. phyt, pl. 17g) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden, frequent in clefts of
rocks in elevated situations. Westward, is termed “ nephrodium rufidiilum ” by Michaux; wa.s
observed by myself from 45° at Mount Desert to 40° along the Atlantic ; grows according to A, Gray
on “ exposed rock.s, common, especially northward, and southward in the Alleghanies;” according to
Ghapman, “ along tlie Alleghany mountains ” in our Southern States.
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 913
pean colonists, has been carried to Northeast America, observed by Oakes adventive in “ Essex
county, Massachusetts ” (A. Gray).
“ In this y e a r ” (Pall. trav. ii. 521), building of a small fort opposite the junction of the Tobol
with the Irtich ; the commencement of the city of Tobolsk.
“ July 22d ” (Haki., Churchill coll., and Holmes), under instructions from Walter Raleigh, arrival
at Hatteras of “ one hundred and seventeen ” colonists, with John White as governor. The “ fifteen
English ” left on Roanoke Island had been attacked by the natives, some slain, and tlie remainder
compelled to depart in their boat : the new colonists were however landed, a grandchild, Virginia
Dare, the first Anglo-American, was born to the governor “ Aug. i8th ” (note by Major), and at the
solicitation of tlie colonists he sailed on the “ 27th ” for England for supplies. — Returning after three
years, governor White learned from an “ inscription on a tree,” that the colonists were removed to
Croatoan ; a native village South of Hatteras. The abandoned colonists as afterwards appeared,
were slaughtered by order of the aboriginal chief Powhatan ; “ seven ” of them remaining alive until
the settling of Jamestown in 1607 (Strachey trav. Virgin.).
“ The same year ( = 2247th of Synmu,” art de verif ), abdication of Ookimatz in favour of his
grandson Go-josei, now dairo of Japan.
“ 1588 A, D.” (Blair), invention of b o m b s ; cannon-balls made hollow and filled with gunpowder.
“ July 27th ” (Alst. p. 313, and Blair), the formidable armada fleet of Philip II. of Sp:rin, defeated
and dispersed by the Engli.sh under Francis Drake.
“ Sept. gth ” (Aist. p. 313, and Churchill coll.), after plundering Spanisli settlements on the West
coast of America, and thence continuing West, Thomas Candish arriving in England completed the
Third circumnavigation of the Globe.
P t e r o c a i p u s d r a c o of the Northern extreme of South America. A tree thirty feet high growing
near Carthagena, exuding from the bark drops of red juice that soon harden, and are collected and
exported under the name of d r a g o n ' s b l o o d : — observed also by Jacquin amer. pl. 183, but at the time
of his visit to Carthagena, the conimerce had nearly ceased.
“ In this year ” (Spreng.), Io. Bapt. Porta publishing his Phytognom. — He died “ in 1615.”
“ In this year ” (Spreng.), Tabernæmontanus publishing his Krauterbuch or leones plant, enumerating
H o l o s t e u m u m b e l l a t u m 543, S a l v i a H i s p á n i c a 764, S c i r p u s T a b e r n oe m o n t a n i 566, P o l y c -
n e m u m a r v e n s e 57, D i p s a c u s l a c i n i a t u s 1071, G a l i u m l u c i d u m 434, C n i d i u m P y r e n a e i im 304, L i n u m
A u s t r i a c u m 1207, J u n c u s s y l v a t i c u s 535, D i a n t h u s p i n i f o l i u s 668, S c l e r a n t h u s p e r e n n i s 1217,
S t e l l a r l a a l s i n e to8g, E r o d i u m p im p i n e l l i f o l i u m 123, G e r a n i u m r a d i c a t u m 124, S p a r t i u m m u l t i j l o -
r u m 1509, H i e r a c i u m s y l v a t i c u m 505, C r e p i s v i r e n s 491, and C . N e m a u r e n s i s 492.— He died “ in
1590,” and the work was completed “ in 1592.”
C e r a s t i u m a r v e n s e of Northern climates. Termed “ holosteum caryophyllæum ” by Tabernæmontanus
pl. 233, — “ myosotis arvensis subhirsuta flore majore ” by Tournefort inst. 245, and known
to grow from Sweden throughout middle Europe (C. Bauli., fi. Dan. pl. 626. Curt. lond. vi. pl. 29, and
Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden, on sandy hills as far as Scania ; by Vaillant pl. 30, near Paris ;
by Sibthorp, on mount Athos. Westward, according to Hooker, grows throughout Canada to the
Rocky mountains, and was observed by Menzies, near the mouth of the Columbia; according to Chapman,
grows in “ rocky or dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts ” of our Southern Stales ; observed by
myself at Rivière du Loup on the Lower St. Lawrence, also near Boston and Philadelphia, but having
the aspect of an introduced plant. Clearly by European colonists was carried to Mendoza, at the
elevation o f “ five thousand fee t” in Austral A.merica (Wats.),
C e r a s t i u m a q u a t i c u m of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Tabernæmontanus
10S9 — (Spreng.) ; termed “ alsine major” by C. Bauhin pin. 350, “ a. maxima solanifolia” by
Mentzel pi. I, and Tournefort inst. 242, and known to grow in watery places from Sweden throughout
micldle Europe (Curt. lond. i. pl. 34, and Pers ) : observed by Linnæus in dripping woods in Sweden ;
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete ancl the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and the Bithynian
Olympus.
V i c ia d u m e t o r u m oi'E\xxo'ç><t awA the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed “ cracca maior” by
Dalechamp 892 — (Spreng.), “ v. sylvatica maxima piso similis” by Bauhin hist. ii. 315, “ v. s. m.
piso sylvestri similis ” by Tournefort in.st. 398, and known to grow in woods and thickets throughout
middleEurope (C. Bauh. pin. 385, Ray hist. 900, and P e rs .): observed by Leche in Scania in
Sweden (Linn.) ; by Sprengel fl. hai. pl. 7, in Germany; by Sestini, in the environs of Constantinople
(Sibtli.).
E p i l o b i u m p a r v i f l o r u m of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Tabernæmontanus
1237 — (Spreng.); termed “ lysimachia siliquosa hirsuta parvo flore ” by Bauhin prodr. 116
and C. Bauhin pin. 245, “ chamænerion villosum majus parvo flore” by Tournefort inst. 303, “ e.
pubescens” by Roth, ancl known to grow throughout middle Europe (fi. Dan. pl. 347, Curt. lond. ii.
pl. 22, and Pers.) ; observed by Linnæus in Sweden; by Hoffmann, in Germany ; by Sibthorp, and
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