'T'M
i f II
VI
.fi
140 C F IR O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
the wall of Taæs in Yemen, and abounding in the district around Hamraam Fm-aun in the Sinai
peninsula; by him, and Delile, at Alexandria in E g yp t; and by Hasselquist, at 0 ru s a em. Nor 1-
ward and Westward, the “ kapparis’Ms mentioned by Antiphanes, Ans ophon, Zeno foe Stoic, T -
mocles Demetrius, Clearchus S o l e n s i s , Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ; foe cappaiis, by Plaidus,
Pliny, and Martial ; C. spinosa is described by Lobel pl, 63s ; is termed “ c. s fructu minore fobo
rotundo” by Tournefort inst. 261 ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp Chaubard and J®/
from Rhodes and Tenedos to the Peloponnesus; by Lenz, seemingly wild in Italy; ^ 0 /® / ?
spicuously projecting from crevices in walls of buildings on Malta ; by Forskal, on Malta, and ^
arid situations around Marseilles ; by Desfontaines i. 404, m Barbary ; is known to J / ’
Sicily and Spain, is besides cultivated (Pers.), and its b en j-lik e flower-buds largely expoited have
become generally known as a condiment. (See Satureja juliana). ^ • a 1 c
c A a u r e a calcitrapa of the Mediterranean countries. Cfflled in Bntmn cciltrops é jA / g b / a x o n
“ coltræppe,” in the romance of K. Alisander “ calketrappen,” in medieval Lafor calcifrapa (I iior
in Greece “ kala anthë ” (Sibth.) or “ katrinaggatho,” m Egypt “ schok or ‘ morreyi (Forsk., mrcl
Deb), in which we recognize the “ mrrym ” eaten in the night appointed for the 1 I / ® /
met with Moses ex. xii. 8 and num. ix. 11 in the Sinai peninsula on the amt’ yersary of the 1 assover
(translated “ trivölös” by Hennas iii. 9. 20 and the “ tnvolos phullakanthos of Theophrastus v t .^
2 seems to correspond); associated with wormwood m Lam. 111. 15: leaves and young stems of C.
calcitrapa were found by Forskal p. 152 eaten crude in Egypt, the plant abounding tlmre, as observed
also by Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself. Northward and Westward, C. calcitrapa is described by -
luinna phyt. pl. 24; is termed “ carduus stellatus sive calcitrapa” by Tournefort ins . 440; was observed
bv Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to foe Peloponnesus ; by
Forskal 'on Malta and around Marseilles ; and is known to occur along wa^ides and in cul ivated
f o u n d as far as Britain (Engl, b o t.p l, 125, Lam. fl. fr„ and Pers.). By European colonists, was
carried to Madeira (Lindl.); to Northeast America, where it continues m Carolina and Lade rn \ ir -
oinia springing up spontaneously (A. Gray, and Chapin.). The plant according to Lindley ‘ has been
Ised as a febrifuge, and has even been preferred to gentian.” „ „ .„n o n
P i c r i s hieracioides oi the Mediterranean countries. Called m Greece ‘ hënovotanôn
in Eo-vnt “ murreyr ” (Del.), and possibly the plant in question, “ mrrym - hemg translatad pik-
r i t h ë f in foe Septuagint: P. hieraciodes is termed “ hieracium ægyptium g.gas by Lipph as seen
b fh im in E g yp t! was observed by Forskal, and Delile (Steud.), on the margin of cul ivat d l™d
about Cairo, and was received from Egypt by Vaillant rot. paris, for U e u Norfoirard and W ^ t -
ward is termed “ hieracium asperum majori flore in limitibus agrorum by Tournefort mst. 0 9 , wro
r b s i v e d by Forskal, and S ib tL rp , from the Dardanelles to Athens rod Zacynthus ; and ,s kn^vn o
occur always as above-indicated on foe margin of cultivated ground as far as France
G ara ’ f l f r Pers., a n d E n g l . bot. pl. 196 ; see Helminthia echioides).
^ AprV (ex. ix. 3b xii. i to t2, and xiii. 4 ; see Introd. p. . . . , the moon’s place remaining urn
ascerVnlned) after the revelation of the name “ Jehovah,” Exodus of the Israelites (see Ramessu VI.).
The eleventh Egyptian month being now made the first Hebrew month, a y ^ r ot en months
was S a b lish e d : a s l further shown, by the “ 30 years ” of Ex. xii. 40 corresponding to the . 0 0 -
f v e r o ! ” of Gen xii. 4, xv. .3, and xxi. 5 (30 X to - 12 = 25) ; by the Hebrew generation ot 40
I L r s ” (X 10 ^ 12) equalling the Greek generation of “ 33|- ; ” by the use among the early
« a calendar year of “ ten months ; ” and by usage among the Jews to the present day. In further
f i rm a fo lh a t Moses was the author of foe calendar year of ten lunations ; - the new moons wm-e
crohrmation mat 1 ^ ^ calendar continues m use on the
T i l t o r f ingsmill Islands ’( s V Hale ethn. Expl. Ex.). Both modes of rrokoning were m uro m
the time of Clemens Alexandrinus, who gives the interval between J e Erodus rod Solomon^ as by
some estimated “ 595,” a « by otimrs “ 5/6 years X ^ 480 ^ v ^ 0 9 ^_
hv Moses e l xiii 9 to x6-. — phylacteries “ phulaktëria ” are mentioned m Matthew xxiii. 5. In-
f e a d of writings “ /rammata,” 1 he Egyptians of the time of Horapollo i. 24 protected themselves
acrainst demons by the representation of two human heads (see amulet). , ■ ,1
The reality of the sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt is proved by some of them bearing the
name of Evyptfan kino-s : as Amminadab (from Amunhotep, in Greek Amënôphis) ; Hur (fiom Plo-
r e i f e b i f c r e e k o / o j ; and Ram (from Ramessu, in Greek Ramëssës). Moses is mentioned by
M / n e f o o rod among Greek w^^ yet earlier by Hellanicus; also by Philochorus Polemon the
rochæolo/st, Castor, and Ptolemaeus of Mendes (see Just. Mart, ad Graec. p. 10, and Cynll. a Jul.
i, p. 15)-
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 141
The “ mixed multitude” accompanying the Israelites (Ex. xii. 38), may perhaps derive some
illustration from Manetho’s account of foe Exodus : that among those departing, were persons
afflicted with leprosy, may be inferred from the treatise on this disease m Levit. xiii.
Ceratonia siliqna of Western Africa. The carob tree or St. John's bread is called in France caroubier
” (Fée) in Italy “ carrubio ” or “ carrubo ” (Lenz), in Greece “ x u l o k ë r a l i a ” (Sibth.), in
Evypt “ kharrou’b ” (D e l) , in Egyptian “ kontratcs” (lex. Oxon.) or “ jiiri ” (lex. Oxon., and Kirch ,
periiaps from “ j i r ” a small kind of salted fish) : is regarded by Sprengel as the tree with which
Moses ex xv. 25 sweetened the bitter water at Marah, — the “ hhrub” according to Avicenna p. 205
havinv foe properly of sweetening salt and bitter water : foe “ kërônian ” of the lonians according lo
Theophrastus iv. 2. 4 is improperly called “ aiguption sukon,” growing not in Egypt, but in Syria and
Ionia and about Cnidus and Rhodes, and bearing pods on its trunk and branches ; is identified by
Galen with the “ k ë ra tia ;” said by Strabo xvii. 2. 2 to grow beyond Meroe ; mentioned also in Luke
XV i6 - and its edible pods, by Dioscorides i. 158: C. siliqna was observed by Alpinus, Forskal,
Delile and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt, but continues rare, and was not met with by myself ;
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and Attica throughout
the Greek i.slands. Westward, “ siliquis” are mentioned by Horace epist. ii. t. 123; “ sihquae
graecae ” and their cultivation, by Columella ; and “ siliquas syriacas ” by Pliny as very sweet, a fin-
ror in leimth bv an inch broad, and sometimes falcate: C. siliqua is termed “ s. eduhs ” by lourne-
fort inst. 578; l a s observed by Forskal, and myself, on Malta; continues according to Lenz under
cultivation in Southern Italy ; appeared to me discordant in the Mediterranean countries, exotic and
having a Tropical aspect, was in fact seen by Denham and Clapperton in Bornou in Central Africa
(Hogg in Hook. j. bot. 1834). By European colonists, was recently carried to Hindustan (Graham
D. 254), observed by myself in the Botanic garden at Bombay.
to ? P . _ . . . . , ™ Called in Britain
or
in
Roman
“ melanzio _____
E g yp t “ kammoun asouad ” black cummin or “ habbah soudeh ” black grain (D e l) , m Egyptian
“ stikmmé ” (transl. Sept. Is.) ; in which we recognize the “ melanthion” identified with the “ g ith ”
by Pliny, and the “ gth ” resembling the grains of manna sent through Moses ex. xvi. 14 to 31 and
num. xi. 7 : — the “ mélanthidn ” is mentioned in foe Septuagint translation of Isai. xxviii. 25 as cultivated
in Palestine : and foe black seeds of N. sativa scattered over the thin wafer-like bread made
tbrouohout Egypt were observed by Belon, and myself. Farther North, “ makonithón arton ” is
mentioned by Aleman (Athen. iii. 75) ; the “ mélanthión” is mentioned in the treatise Steril. 675, and
Nicander ther. 43 ; its seeds are described by Dioscorides as black pungent odorous and “ kataplas-
sóménon éis artóus ” plastered on bread ; and foe “ mékóna agrión mélana ” is identified in foe added
Synonyms : N. sativa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from foe Peloponnesus to Cyprus ;
is known to grow also about the Taurian mountains and Caucasus (P a ll, and Bieb.). Westward, the
7 .1 • . .. 55 ■ r.:___A K,. i-riono Az r ' tVtp cppH rjrllpH “ ]iv Enbimplla vi.
simplici candido” by Tournefort inst. 258; and is known to be cultivated in France and Germany
(Pers.). Eastward from the Caspian, is called in Goozerat “ kala je e ra ” (Graham), has been long
cultivated in other parts of Hindustan “ both as a condiment and as a medicine” (Roxb., and Royle
in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) : was observed by Mason v. 495 “ exotic ” and called “ sa-mung-net ” in Burmah,
where it is sometimes cultivated. Its seeds are described by Lindley as “ aromatic, subacrid,” “ formerly
employed instead of pepper, and have also been used as carminatives.”
Coriandrum sativum of Central Asia. Called in Britain coriander, in France “ coriandre ”
(Nugent), in Germany “ koriander,” in Italy “ coriandro ” or “ coriandolo ” (Lenz), in Greece “ kori-
anthron” or “ kousvaras” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ kousbarah” (D e l) , in Egyptian “ v èrètsh é ” or “ vérè-
tshèu ” (ms. Par.) or “ vértshèu ” (Kirch.) or “ vèrtshéóu ” or “ verseou ” (transl. Sept.) or “ óhión ”
(compare óhionón” granum herbescens of Kirch.), by foe Numidians “ g o ith ” (Syn. Diosc.), and
agreeing better with the implied white or bdellium-coloured “ gth,” — translated “ kor ión ” in the
Septuagint ex. .xvi. 31 and num. xi. 7 ; the best “ coriandrum ” in the days of Pliny xx. 82 came from
E g yp t; and C. sativum was observed under cultivation there by Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, and
c fot-Bey. Farther North, the “ kórión ” or “ kóriannón ” or “ kóriannetón ” is mentioned by Anacreon,
the comic poet Alcaeus, Anaxandrides, Antiphanes, Zeno, Theophrastus, Xenocrates, Pollux vi.
107, and Athenaeus ii. 77 and iv. 47 : C. sativum was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground from
Cyprus to the Peloponnesus, but is regarded by Chaubard as not indigenous. Westward, the “ cori-
andium” is mentioned by Varrò, is termed “ famosa” by Columella . . ; is not wild in Italy according
to Pliny, who gives directions about its cultivation ; is mentioned also by Apicius, Apuleius 102,
and Macer Floridus . . : C. sativum is termed “ c. majus ” by Tournefort inst. 316; is known to be
é l