-Ai
3 1 8 C H R O N O L O G I C A L A R R A N G E M E N T
of Switzerland (Heer) ; is termed “ c. sylvesiris ” by Tournefort inst. 582 ; was observed by Munby
in one locality in Algeria, perhaps not indigenous ; by Lenz, wild in Italy ; is known to grow wild on
the mountains of Sicily Sardinia and Corsica (Guss., Moris, and Salis) and throughout middle and
Northern Europe as far as Lat. 65° 30' (A. Dec.). Eastward from the Black Sea, is known to grow
in Northern .Asia (Pers.) ; and was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan. Filberts are
largely imported into Northeast America, but I have not heard of attempts at cultivation. (See C.
colurna.)
Leprariaflava oi Northern Climates. TheripaPAN : EAAIH S and AA4 NHS of the Hippocratic
writings,— and Theophrastus iv. 16, is referred to tliis genus by Billerbeck : the “ limus
arboruin” by the Greeks called “ lichena,” is described by Pliny x.xiii. 69 as growing on plum trees
wild and cultivated, and used medicinally : L. flava was observed by Sibthorp on old trees in Greece.
Westward, is termed “ b. pulverulenta flava lignis adnascens ” by Dillenius iii. pl. i ; and is known
to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 1350).
The TET PAf ûNOY o f the Hippocratic writings — is identified by Galen voc. Hippocr. 578 with
“ stimmi” or antimony: “ stibium” is mentioned by Celsus; and “ stimmi,” by Dioscorides, and
.Pliny.
“ 363 B. C .” (Diod., and Clint, iii. p. 421), Mithridates succeeded by Ariobarzanes I I. as king
of Pontus in Asia Minor.
Origanum Heracleoticum o f the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ rigani ” (Fraas) ;
and the “ konilen” discovered by Conilus — is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the “ ôriganôs
ëraklëôtikê ” of Dioscorides, strewn to drive away reptiles as well as taken against their bites, having
an umbel not rotate but as if separated, and referred here by writers : the “ lëukë origanon ” is mentioned
by Theophrastus vi. 2. 3; and the “ êraklëiôn ôriganôn” by Nicander ther. 627 ; O. Heracleoticum
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in dry mountainous situations from the
Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; and by Forskal within the city of Constantinople. Westward, the
“ origanum heracleoticum ” of the Greeks is identified by Phny xx. 62 with the “ cunila gallinacea ; ”
known to Plautus trinum. 4 as growing in Pontus ; mentioned also by Cato 127, Serenus 909; and
termed “ gallicam” by Apuleius 122 (Spreng.). O. Heracleoticum is described by Matthioli
comm. 519, and Lobel pl. 492; is termed “ o. sylvestre album” by Tournefort inst. 199; was
observed by Lenz in Italy; and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (P e rs.; see
O. Creticum).
“ 362 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Q. Servilius Ahala and L. Genucius consuls, half of the military
tribunes for the first time elected by the people.
“ June” (Plut., and Clint.), defeat of the Spartans at Mantinea by the Thebans under Epaminondas
; who however was mortally wounded.
After the battle at Mantinea and before the close of the year ( “ 01. 104, 3 ” of Diodor. xv. 92, and
Blair), by Agesilaus I I I . Proclid king of Sparta, an army sent into Egypt to assist Tachos against
the Persians.
361 B. C. = “ 45th year of Artaxerxes I I .,” in a Greek inscription (2691 of Boeckh ii. p. 468).
“ In this y e a r ” (Polyb., Diodor., and Clint.), peace among the States of Greece.
“ The same y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Suipicius Peticus and C. Licinius consuls ; invasion
of the Gauls; and a Gaul advancing and challenging the Roman army killed in single combat by T.
Manlius, who from the captured chain received the name of Torquatus.
“ 360 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Poetelius Libo Visolus and M. i'abius Ambustus consuls ;
the Gauls and Tiburtines defeated by the dictator Q. Servilius Ahala.
“ 359 Î3. C.” (Diodor., and C lin t), Perdiccas king of Macedonia slain in battle against the
Illyrians, and succeeded by his brother Philip. Who defeated the Athenians at Methonë; made
peace with them ; and before the close of the year, defeated the Illyrians under Bardylis.
“ The same y e a r ” (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 382), Artaxerxes II. succeeded by Artaxerxes
I I I . Ochus, eleventh Persian emperor.
Tamarix dioica of Hindustan. A very graceful shrub called “ surroo” o r “ lal jh a u ” (Roxb.),
in Sanscrit “ jhavaca” or “ pichula,” and along the Ganges pointed out to W. Jones as the “ g a z ”
of the Persians, used by them for arrows in ancient times, the celebrated shaft of Isfcndiya being
made of i t— (asiat. res. iv. 268): the Indian “ murikës” is described by Theophrastus v. 4. 8
as differing in having strong wood: T. dioica was observed by Graham “ common in the beds of
the Concan and Deccan rivers ; ” by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan as far as
Bengal.
“ 358 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), C. Fabius Ambustus and C. Plautius Proculus consuls, fighting around
Rome against the Tarquinians, Gauls, and Hernicians, and the alliance with Latium renewed.
“ 357 B. C. = 12th year of Hien-wang” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-ninth
cycle.
O F A C C O M P A N Y I N G A N I M A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 1 9
“ T i i e s a m e v e a r ” ( S m . b . d . ) , a t R o m e , C . M a r c i u s R u t i l u s a n d C n . M a n l i u s C a p i t o l i n u s
Im p e r i o s u s c o n s l , C . L i c i n i u s f in e d f o r v i o l a t i n g h i s o w n l a w , h a v i n g a c q u i r e d t o o m u c h p u b l i c
'"‘ “ ' “ A u g . 9 t h ” ( P l u t . , a n d C l i n t . ) , eclipse: D i o n im m e d i a t e l y a f t e r w a r d s s a i l i n g f r o m Z a c y n t h u s
/ ‘ S ' b . C . ” ( S m . b . d . ) , a t - R o m e , M . F a b i u s A m b u s t u s a n d M . P o p i l i u s L a e n a s c o n s u l s ; t h e
E t r u s c a n s d e f e a t e d b y C. Ma r c iu s R u t i l u s t h e f i r s t p l e b e i a n d i c t a t o r . f r v „ IT
‘ ‘T U t h i s y e a r ” d e f e a t a n d d e a t h o f t h e h i s t o r i a n P h i l i s t u s , a n d e x p u l s i o n o f D i o n y s i u s I I . ,
lotuiic lio te a c um in a l o ” by Toiii iiefwt in st-87 , was obaer-tet y pl 121,
known to occur in cnilivated gronnd in Sontliern nnd as tar as middle E l (J q-
‘’“ + + U of E nrop. and N or,b.rn Asia An nllisd sp.cie-s J - M X.
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^“ Igassam natans oi t h e N o r t h A t l a n t i c a n d t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n T h e / K o f * e S c 0 -
/ M i s u i * / u g h o u t
t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n t o t h e G r e e k a r c h i p e l a g o a n d t h e P r o p o n t i s ; / / J ® " 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 + 0 1
t u f t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e G u l f S t r e a m t o t h e t e rm i n a l a c c u m u l a t i o n c a l l e d t h e S a t g a s s o S e a ,
s o m e t i m e s d r i v e n N o r t h w a r d a s f a r a s t h e c o a s t o f B r i t a i n ( E n g l , b o t p l . 1 9 6 7 0
Laminaria buibosa o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n . A s p e c . e s o f J J / 0 0 , f U
r i o Y K n s o f S c v l a x p 125 — i s f u r t h e r i d e n t i f i e d b y S p r e n g e l w i t h t h e ‘ z ô s t e r a , d e s c n b e c t b y
T h e o p h r a s t u s ! v 6 . 2 a s “ p l a l u p h u l l ô n t a i n i ô ë i t h ë s ” a n d h a v i n g a n o m o n - l . k e r o o t , r e f e u e d
1 . ! -p . . T K n lh n i u i s d e s c r i b e d b v T u r n e r , a n d L a m o u r o u x , a n d w a s o b s e r v e d b y I ' r a a s
In L ’ c Z s 'trf Allien. « o t /» , Ion, lo eigl.t leel long, and imcoiding lo Bory formsrly d,s-
o . . . i . d b y f o o s f o n o n , . o „ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
consecrnted by bis widow Aitomisin by n tomb m nd. colebrnlsd fo, its n»gn,«cenco i nod the o n .m
“' T i j f o ' f o + t o r r Z Z R e o i e , P. Vnleiins Poplieoln nnd C, M .ieins R n.iln. eonsnls,
“ a u i n q u e v i r i m e n s a r i i ” a p p o i n t e d f o r a g e n e r a l l i q u i d a t i o n o f d e b t s . r
“ T r J c ” ( S m b d ), a t R o r a e . C . S u i p i c i u s P e t i c u s a n d T . Q u i n c t i u s P e n n u . s C a p i t o l i n u s
C r i s p im i s c o n s u l s , t h e f i r s t p l e b e i a n c e n s o r C . M a r c i u s R u t i l u s ; w a r a g a i n s t T a r q u u n i , a n d a t r u c e
J i T y e l U S a i r ) , S i d o n b e s i e g e d b y a P e r s i a n a rm y , a n d b u r n e d b y i t s i n h a b i t a n t s ; i n v o l v i n g
in t h e f l a m e s t h e i r o w n d e s t r u c t i o n . ,
T h e s a m e y e a r ( = 3 6 9 — “ >8 y e » " " ” ), e n d o f t h e E g y p t i a n C h r o n i c l e .