I ’
i68 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
termed “ tliymelæa lauri folio sempervirens ” by Tournefort inst. 595 ; and is known to grow in woods
in Sicily, Italy, and throughout middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl 183, and Smith engl. fl. ii. 229), “ every
part ” according to Lindley “ very acrid,” producing “ a burning heat in the mouth and throat,” the
scent of tlie flowers “ resembling saffron, with an overpowering sweetness,” but “ perceptible in an
evening only,” the berries “ black.”
1082 ( = “ 2 years ” before the assembling of army and fleet at Aulis, Sm. b. d.), preparations
commenced by the Greeks for war against Troy.
Pin us inaritiina of the Northern shores of the Mediterranean. A kind of pine called in Greece
“ pëuk ô s” (Sibth.), in which we recognize the “ pëukë ” whose- timber withstands rain— (Horn. il.
xxiii. 328), mentioned also in Hesiodic scut. here. 376, and by Crates, Euripedes med. 4, Dioscorides,
Athenaeus iii., and the “ pëukën paralian ” by Theophrastus iii. 9. i and ix. 2. 5 ; P. maritima was
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in low sandy situ.ations from the Peloponnesus throughout
Greece, and the only kind of pine on Cyprus, furnishing pitch, turpentine, and abundance of excellent
ship-timber. Westward, “ tibulos” are described by Pliny xvi. 17 as growing along the seashore of
Italy, slender and used for ship-building; P. maritima, “ a tree twenty feet high,” is described by
Bauhin (Pers.), and Lambert pl. 10; is known to grow in Italy as far as Genoa, and in Southwestern
France (A. Dec., and Daub.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.).
“ P. Alepensis ” regarded as not distinct, was also seen by Bory in the maritime portion of the Peloponnesus,
is known to grow from Tauria to Barbary (Lamb. pl. 11, and Pers.), was observed in the
gardens of Egypt by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, and its imported timber called “ snoubar.”
Spartium junceum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ gin e stra ” (Lenz), in Greece
“ sparto” (Sibth.) or “ ta sparta ” (Fraas), in which we recognize the material of the ropes “ sparta”
in th e Greek ships — (Horn. il. ii. 135), the “ sparton” or “ spartion” plant of Cratinus, Herodotus
V . i6, Plato polit. 280, Aristotle an. ix. 40, Dioscorides, and the “ linôspartôn ” plant of Theophrastus
i. 5. 2: S. junceum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the
Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands to the Dardanelles: and “ sp a rta ” cordage
was known in Egypt as eariy at least as the arrival of the ships of Menelaus (Horn. od. iii. 300).
Westward, great quantities of “ spartum ” were accumulated by Asdrubal for naval use (Liv.), and
that produced in Africa being small and worthless, were probably imported from Carthagena in
Spain, where according to Pliny xix. 7 and xxiv. 40 the plant covers whole mountains and is collected
by persons having their hands and legs protected; the term “ sparteus” occurs in Columella, and
“ lentae genistae ” in Virgil, but whether the “ genista” of the Romans useful for ties is identical
with the “ sparton ” plant of the Greeks, Pliny is uncertain : S. junceum is termed “ genista juncea ”
by Tournefort inst. 643 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in Italy
and otlier parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz).
loSo B. C. (“ in the beginning of the war against Troy,” Pausan. ix. 5. 7. and Clint, i. p. 87).
Tliersander son of Polynices ancl father of Tisamenus, slain in Mysia. He had recalled many fugitive
Cadmeans.
Fagus sylvatica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain beech, in Anglo-
Saxon “ bece ” or “ boc,” in Germany “ buch,” in Old High German “ puocha,” in M. H. G. “ buoche,”
in Holland “ beuk,” in Old Norse “ beyki,” in Denmark “ bog,” in Sweden “ bok,” all signifying both
the tree and book, from Runic tablets made of this wood, and in accordance with the Sanscrit “ boko ”
letter and “ b o k o s ” writings (Prior), also in Slavonian “ b u k ” (A. Dec.), in Tartar “ b iu k ” (P a ll),
in France “ hê tre ” or “ fouteau” (Nugent), in Italy “ fa g g io ” (Lenz), in Greece “ o xu a ” (Sibth.),
in Egypt its imported timber “ sansan ” (Forsk. p. Ivi) ; in which we recognize the “ oxua ” tree that
gave its name to the Mysians — (Xanthus, quoted by Menecrates of Elais and Strabo xii. 8. 3), and
the “ oxue ” spear of Archilochus : the “ óxua ” is described by Theophrastus iii. 10. i to v. 8. 6 as the
only tree of its kind, its softly-echinate fruit enclosing a nut having the sweetness ancl taste of chestnuts,
its wood used for wagons : F. sylvatica was observed by Hawkins on high mountains in Greece,
by Sibthorp in woods near Constantinople, by Griesebach on the mountains of Asia Minor, by
Karelin as far as Astrabad South of the Caspian ; is known to grow also about Caucasus, ancl in the
province of Talusch, and as far as the Ural (Gmei., P a ll, and Clauss.). Westward, the “ ôxuë ” is
said by Theophrastus iv. 8. 3 to grow in Latium, large enough for the keels of Etruscan ships ; the
“ fa g u s ” is mentioned by Caesar, Varrò, Virgil, Columella, Martial, and is described by Pliny .xvi. 7
as bearing nuts “ triangula c u te ; ” F. sylvatica occurs in piles or posts of Swiss lake-villages belonging
to the Stone Age, and in quantities of the nuts among the debris (Troyon 16 lo 40, and Heer) ;
is termed “ fa gu s ” by Tournefort inst. 584; was observed by Lenz on the heights of North Italy;
and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lat. 60° 31' (Linclblom).
B y European colonists, was carried to Madeira, where it continues under cultivation (Heer, and A.
Dec. g. b. 47 to 154).
“ 1078 B. C. = 1st year of Kang-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
. Y® ®^"’® — “ 17th year of Ramessu X I I I . , ” in an official letter addressed to his son
Painehsi. Hts name occurs also in his tomb at Bab-el-meluk — (Glid. analect, Leps. k. tab p iq
and Birch). 1
The same year ( = 10 7 1 - f “ 7 years ” of both Maneth. tables = 1417 — “ 16 — 8
~ 3 — 68 — 40 — 55 — 66 — 40 — 26 years ” of the Armenian Euseb.-Maneth.
table), accession of “ Thouôris called Pôluvës by Homer,” = (1417 — “ 51 — 61 —
60 5 7 135 years ” ot the Afr.-Maneth table, this table also giving 991 -}-
“ H + 9 + 6 - j - 9 - f - 4 - i - 4 6 years ” = 1079) accession of Smënthës or Sménthis,
first king of the Twenty-first dynasty. The name and portrait of king Herhor-siamun have been
found on the temple of Khons at Thebes; with evidence, that under Ramessu X I I . he held the office
of high-priest of Amon. (Compare the “ Pròtéus ” of Homer, and Herodotus).
Herhor received the submission o f the Northern Syrians, ancl married a Semitic female, — by
whom he had several sons bearing Semitic names (Birch).
Aethra, daughter of Pittheus and mother of Theseus, a captive in Troy during the siege by the
Gieeks (Horn, i l iii. 144, Arctin., Lesch., and Hellan.). Theseus is mentioned as seen by Nestor
and Ulysses, and as taking no part in the war — (Horn. il).
The Eumolpian bard Musaeus, son of Antiophemus (Paus. x. 5. 6), composing poetry about the
time of the Trojan war (Theodoret. serm. ii. 741). His daughter Astyanassa is said to have been a
slave of Helen — 0 uid., Phot., and Sm. b. d.).
Teucrium polium ai the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ amaranto” or “ ao-apes-
votan e ” or “ panagiohorton,” by the Turks “ g iu d a ” (Forsk,, and Sibth.), and the fOV I 0 //Tmlion
celebrated by Musaeus — (Plin. xxi. 84), and Hesiod op. fragm., mentioned al.so by Hippocrates,
1 lieophrastus ix. 21, Nicander ther., and Dioscorides, is referred here by writers : T. polium wa.s
observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in mountainous and dry situations from the
Dardanelles and Smyrna throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; and farther South, by Forskal,
and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. Westward, th e p o l iu m ” is
mentioned by Celsus v. 23, and P lin y ; T. polium is described by Matthioli p. 612 ; is termed “ p.
montanum album etiam iuteum” by Tournefort inst. 206; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ■
and is known to grow also in Italy and Spain (Pers., and Lenz). ’
Teucrium capitatum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ livanôhôrton ” or “ po-
lëon tôu vounôu ” (Sibth.), and distinguished from the preceding as early probably as this date : —
the “ pohon ëtëron ” is described by Dioscorides as weaker and less odorous; and the “ polion
herba ” by some called “ libanotis ” is mentioned by Marcellus 20 : T. capitatum is described by
Sibthorp as “ præcedenti valde affinis,” and was observed by him, and Fraas, frequent in Greece both
on plains and mountains : is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, the “ polium campestre
” is distinguished by Pliny xxi. 21 ; T. capitatum is termed “ p. candidum tenellum tomentosum
flore purpureo ” by Tournefort inst. ; and is known to grow in Italy, Spain, and Southern France
(Barr. rar. pl. 1047, Pers., and Lenz).
Ornus Europæa of mountains on the North side of the Mediterranean. IA. small tree called in
France “ orne ” (Fée), in Italy “ orno ” or “ ornello ” or “ avoriiio ” (Lenz), in Greece “ mëlëôs ” or
by the Turks “ disu budak ” (Sibth.); in which we recognize the MEVIHSIA/ mëliësin of Musaeus
— (Clem. Alex. str. vi. p. 618), Hesiod op. 145, growing according to Homer il. 767 in the mountain
forest, mentioned also by Aristophanes, Theophrastus iii. t i, Nicander fragm., Dioscorides, and Oppian
cyn. iv. 383 ; the name derived from its saccharine exudation, a tree yielding honey beino-
expressly mentioned by Diodorus xvii. 75, Curtius vi. 4, Polyaenus iv. 3. 32, and Athenaeus xi w -
O. Europæa was observed by Sibthorp, Hawkins, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople fre!
quent on high mountains throughout Greece. Farther Soutli, the “ mëlia ” was in Egypt in the days
of Theophrastus; and 0 . Europæa was observed in gardens there by C lot-B ey :" the seeds are
besides imported for culinary and medicinal use, and are called “ lissan asfur ” bird tongues (Forsk
mat. med,, and D e l). Westward, the “ ornus ” is mentioned by Virgil, and Pliny xvi. 30, as growini
on the mountains of Italy ; O. Europæa is termed “ f. florifera botryoides ” by Tournefort inst. 577"
is known to grow in Italy, especially towards the Southern extreme (Lindl, and Lenz), also in Spaii!
(Cav., and Pers.) ; and according to Lindley yields the manna of the shops.
Ornus rotundifolla of Italy and Greece. Another species of Powering ash called “ mëliôs” in
Greece, and probably included in the “ mëliësin” of Musaeus, — and Homer: the “ më lia” termed
“ upsë lë ” and “ ëumëkës” by Theophrastus iii. 11, is referred here by Fraas; and 0 . rotundifolia
was observed by him to be the moSt frequent kind in Northern Greece : is known to roow also
in Hungary (Pers.). Farther We.st, is known to grow in Calabria or Southern Itaty, “ yields
manna, and according to Tenore of better quality than the la s t ” (L in d l). Farther South
“ sarachoscht frandji, manna calabrica” is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as imported into
Egypt.