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720 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
“ Aug, 25th” (Nicol.), a synod in London. The pope having confirmed king John’s absolution,
the interdict was removed and-the clergy were permitted to read “ divine service in public.”
“ 1214 to 1215 A. D.” (Nicol), a synod at Bordeaux. All persons holding Jews were enjoined
“ to compel them to remit usury to those who had taken the cross : ” and a provision was adopted,
“ That widows and others should not be compelled to marry against their inclinations.”
“ 1215 A. D.” (Way ed. pr. pm. pref.), Alexander Neccham appointed abbot of Cirencester. His
writings are voluminous, — and are quoted by Galfridus, pr. pm.
“ June loth ” (Blair), Magna Charta signed by king John and the barons.
“ Nov. Iith to 30th ” (Alst., and Nicol.), Twelfth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at
the Lateran in Rome, Among other acts. Auricular confession was sanctioned (a measure connected
with Indulgences and their prospective use). — Forty years later. Indulgences were for sale in England
(Alst. p. 395).
“ 1216, July i8th ” (Alst., and Nicoh), Innocentius I I I , succeeded by cardinal Cencio Savelli,
now Honorius III., twenty-first pope. Fredericus II. who wrote on Falconry (Pouchet), ruling
Germany and Italy ; Alexander II. ruling Scotland ; and in England “ Oct. 19th,” king John succeeded
by Henry IIL
“ The same year” (Clavig. ii.), arrival of the Aztecs at Tzompanco, a city in the vale of Mexico.*
“ 1218 A. D.” (Munk), Melek-Adel Seif-Eddin succeeded by Melek-Kamel, fifth Ayoubite sultan
of Egypt. A gold coin issued at Cairo by Melek-Kamel — is figured by Marcel p. 151.
Astragalus glyciphyllns of Northern and middle Europe. Called in Britain milk-vetch or
liquorice-veich (Prior); in which we recognize the “ bathrat ” or “ schalin ” seen by Abul Abbas
elnabati at Seville in Spain, and identified by a botanist there with the root of “ glycirrhiza nrbana ” —
(Ebn Bait.); also the medieval Latin “ liquiricia” (Prior), and the “ licoris ” plant of Chaucer c. t.
13690 : A. glyciphyllus is described by Morison ii. pl. 9 ; is termed “ a. luteus perennis procumbens
vulgaris sive sylvestris ” by Tournefort inst. 416 ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated
ground principally in Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 203, and Pers,). Eastward, was observed by
Sibthorp on mount Athos.
Neurada procumbens of the Northern Sahara, from the Atlantic as far as Arabia. Called in
Egypt “ saadan,” in which we recognize the “ sadan ” growing in the sand of the treatise Elrujlat (by
A. A. Elnabati), — and Ebn Baitar: N. procumbens was observed by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in
the Egyptian portion of the Desert; and is known to grow also in Barbary and Arabia (Linn., Lam.
ill. pl. 393, and Pers.).
Nerium obesum of the Southern border of the Sahara as far as Arabia, The “ zakkum”
described in the treatise Elrujlat as a tree of extraordinary shape, like a root as large as a man rising
more or less, the flowers jessainine-like, — and by Ebn Baitar as purple-flowered with Sesamum-
like pods but longer and containing woolly seeds, maybe compared: N. obesum was observed by
Forskal p. 205 among the mountains of Yemen, and called “ aden ” or “ oddaejn ; ” and by myself,
on the hills at Aden.
gloss. Laud. 553 with t h e d K u C u S K S l n i n u S , — having according to Gerarde p. 873 leaves like
hemlock, may be compared: Ae. cynapium is termed “ petroselini vitium ” by Tragus 100 (Spreng.);
is described also by Blackwell pl. 517 ; and is known to grow in mountainous situations (Pers.), and
in cultivated ground from Austria to France and Britain (Crantz, and Engl. bot. pl. 1192). Eastward,
is known to occur in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb., Trevir., and Steud.). By European colonists,
was carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed by myself sparingly around
dwellings in New England. Its leaves according to Lindley “ are poisonous, producing nausea,
vomiting, headache, giddiness, drowsiness, spasmodic pain, numbness, etc.”
* Cassia alata of Tropical America. A shrub eight to twelve feet high, witli showy yellow flowers
: —observed by Meriam in Surinam (Spreng.) ; by Swartz, ancl Descourtilz, in the West Indies,
but no Carib name given; termed “ c. herpetica” by Jacquin obs. ii. pl. 45. By European colonists
was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, called in Tagalo “ acapulco ” or “ ganiot
sa buni ” remedy against herpes or “ catanda” or “ sonting,” in Pampango “ pacayungoon castihi,” in
Bisaya “ casitas ” or “ sunting” (Blanco), observecl by myself naturalized in Interior Luzon ; to the
neiglibouring islands (Rumph.vii.pl. 18); to Burmah, “ exotic ” although “ often found apparently
growing wild,” called “ mai-za-lee-gyee,” and “ much cultivated by the natives for its medicinal properties
in diseases of the skin” (Mason v. 490) ; to Hindustan, called in Sanscrit “ claclrooghna, m
Bengalee “ dad-murdun,” in Telinga “ mitta tamara,” in Tamil “ wandu rolle ” (Lincll) or •‘ vvandu-
kolli ” or “ seemee aghatie,” in Hindustanee “ veleytie aghatie” (Drur.), observedby Ainslie, Roxburgh,
Wight, and Drury, under cultivation as far as Travancore, the juice of its leaves mixed with
lime-juice as a remedy for ringworm ; by Graham, and myself, in gardens at Bombay.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 721
Jatropiia glandulosa of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen “ obab” or “ bocka,” in which we
recognize the “ baka ” of Abul Abb.is Elnabati, — and Ebn Baitar : J. glandulosa was observed by
Forskal p. 163 in Yemen, in stinging emitting a watery and somewhat milky juice, acrid enough to
corrode iron, the fresh stems applied to boils or felons to soften the tumour and soothe the pain.
Farther East, a shrub suspected by Graham to be “ J. glandulifera” has been found in the Bombay
Presidency only “ near Punclerpore in the Deccan, where a fabulous legend is connected with its first
springing up ; ” but “ J. glandulifera ” was observed by Roxburgh in other parts of Hindustan, and
according to Lmdley “ the pale or whey-coloured thin juice which exudes from a fresh wound is employed
by the Hindus as an escharotic to remove films from the eyes.”
JaU'opha glauca of Tropical Arabia. Possibly included with the preceding ; — found by Forskal
p. 162 sometimes substituted in Yemen though inferior in medicinal virtue, and called “ obab ” or
“medjersche.” According to Ainslie, and Lindley, the “ seeds yield stimulating oil recommended by
the Hindus as an external application in cases of chronic rheumatism and paralytic affections.” As
transported to Europe, the plant is described by Plukenet aim. pl. 220, and Vahl.
Barleria bispinosa of Tropical Arabia. The Justicia tribe called in Yemen “ uusar ” (Forsk.),
and the “ haischar ” of the Elrujlat of A. A. Elnabati growing at Medina, spiny,’ the flowers between
white and blue, — may be compared with this species : B. bispinosa was observed by Forskal p. 6
along the base of the mountains of Yemen, and called “ killibe ” or “ schechad.”
Grewia velutina of the mountains of Yemen. A shrub called in Yemen “ nescham,” in which
we recognize the white “ nascham ” of the treatise Elrujlat, — and of Ebn Baitar (art. “ gabariyat ” ) :
G. velutina was observed by Forskal p. 106 on the mountains around Hadie.
Ruellia guttata of the mountains of Yemen. A shrubby species called in Yemen kasr ” or
“ ghobeire,” and the “ gubaira ” mistaken for a different plant according to the author of the Elrujlat
— (Ebn. Bait. art. “ gabariyat” ), may be compared. R. guttata was observed on the mountains of
Yemen by Forskal p. 114.
Not earlier than this year ( “ 1218-30” Lubke and Lutrow, rudim. chron. Lond. giving “ 1228 ” ),
building of the Franciscan cathedral at Assisi ; the earliest example in Italy of the pointed arch.
Eryngium a fin u m of the mountains of middle Europe. The more simple-stemmed beautiful
kind called “ spinam Sancti Francisci,” growing on mount Auerno of the Appenines, — and further
described by Caesalpinus xiii. 28 as held sacred and having “ cacuininibus cæruleis,” seems to correspond
: E. alpinum is described by Linnæus ; and is known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland
(Jacq. rar. pl. 94, and Pers.).
“ 1219 A. D.” (Munk, ancl Marcel), Sixth crusade. The Expedition landing in Egypt, and capturing
the city of Damietta. — After advancing in the course of two years as far as the head of the
Delta, the crusaders were compelled to capitulate and leave the country.
“ In this year” (Yule cath. i. p. c.xviii), the Tartars under Jenghis Khan extending their conquests
Westward : his armies penetrating to Russia, Georgia, and Armenia.
“ In this year (=i2th of the ‘ kia-ting’ of Ning-tsoung,” geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. 36), submission
of Tchbë, king of Corea, to the Mongols.
“ 1220 A. D.” (rudim. chron. Lond.), in England, “ rebuilding of the abbey church of Westminster
; ” and commencement of Salisbury cathedral,
“ 1221 A. D. (= 61S A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph. vi. i), the Sultan of Kharism having been defeated
and his country overrun by the Mogul Tartars under Jenghis Khan, his son Jelal-u-din driven across
the Indus into Hindustan seeking refuge with sultan Altamsh of Delhi.
“ In this year” (Lubke and Lulrow), Mary and the child; a painting by Guido of Siena —
extant to the present day.
“ 1222 A. D.” (Alst.), at Adrianople, Theodorus Lascares succeeded by Joannes I I I . Ducas as
the legitimate emperor, “ At Constantinople in this year” (Nicol), a synod. On the differences
between the Greek and Latin bishops of Cyprus.
“ The same year (= 619 Hej.,” Pall trav. i. 192), date of Arabic inscriptions in the cemetery of
the ruined city of Bolgari, on the Lower Volga.
“ The same year” (art de verif), abdication of Siuntoku in favour of Foricawa II. or Go-Fori-
kavva, grandson of Takakura, and now at the age of thirteen dairo of Japan.
“ In tlie reign of Go-Horikawa” (Jap. centen. comm. 60), “ Kato Shirozayemon went to China,
and after having seen some of the Chhcieae potteries, returned and settled in the province of Owari,”
— but the pottery which he made was “ a kind of stoneware."
“ 1223 A. D.” (Blair), in France, the slaves all franchised, set at liberty by Louis V III.
“ 1224 A. 1). = ist year of the ‘ tchiug-ta ’ of Ngai-tsoung, of the Kin,” ruler of Northern China
— (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (Remusat mei, iv. 169, and Pauth. 382), end of the historical encyclopedic
work “ Wen-hian-thoung-khao,” — written many years later by the Chinese archæologist Ma-touan-
lin (see 1317 A. D.). 91
. 51,