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1048 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
“ End of J u ly ” (Walp. trav. 169), arrival of W. G. Browne in Dar-Fur, accompanying the
Soudan caravan. He was detained in the country — until “ the spring of 1796,” when he was
allowed to depart with a return caravan for Siout.
“ 1793-4 A. D .” (Mann), Vancouver re-visiting the Hawaiian Lslands, where Menzies “ made
large and valuable collections, mostly on Hawaii.”
“ 1794, March ” (Holmes), by Congress, acts passed: To provide a naval armament; and For ■
fortifying and garrisoning the principal ports in the United States. “ July,” insurrection in Western
Pennsylvania ; the insurgents surrendering in “ October,” on the approach of a body of fifteen hundred
militia. “ Nov. 19th,” treaty with Britain of amity, commerce, and navigation, signed at London
by John Jay on the part of the United States.
“ July 28th” (Maunder), Robespierre, member of an executive committee, beheaded; and comparative
quiet restored. The constitution of “ the third y e a r ” was soon afterwards put in force; a
“ directory” of five persons having the executive power.
“ In this year ” (Spreng.), Adrian Hardy Haworth * publishing his Obs. on Mesembryanthemum;
— “ in 1812,” his Synops. plant, succulent.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), after his letters from Sicily and Turkey in “ 1779-84,” Domenico Ses-
tin! publishing his Viagg. da Bucharest k Constantinople.
“ In this y e a r ” (title-page, and Winckler), Ottav. Targioni-Tozetti publishing his Institut. botan.;
— “ in 1809,” his Diet, botan. nom. vulg., a second edition “ in 1825,” and died “ in 1829.”
“ The same year ” (Maunder), the Dutch driven out of Ceylon by the English. — The island was
afterwards confirmed to Britain by the treaty at Amiens.
“ Dec. 23d” (Dallet 70 to 136), first entrance of a Catholic priest into Corea, a Chinese called P.
Jacques Tsiou. He entered clandestinely at midnight, and for assisting on this occasion, Paul loun
in the following year was put to death.
“ 1795 A. D.” (Maunder), in the beginning of this year, the French armies in general successful
on the land had not only repelled invasion, but were in possession of the Austrian Netherlands, Holland,
part of Germany as far as the Rhine, and Savoy.
“ The same y e a r ” (Pauth. 463), arriv.al at Pekin of an ambassador from the Dutch East India
company. An account of the proceedings and journey, is given by Van Braam.
“ The same y e a r ” (Nicol.), Fifth partition of Poland.
“ The same y e a r ” (Kobell ii.), by A. Sennefelder at Munich first experiments in lithography;
with “ Solenhofenor Killheimer” calcareous slate from the neighbourhood.— The material has proved
the best anyavhere discovered to the present day, and is exported to all parts of the-civilized world.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), Santi publishing liis Viagg. al Montamiata ; — the third and concluding
volume “ in 1806.” ., , ,
A llium album of Italy and Greece. Described by Santi — (Chaub.) ; observed by Sibthorp pl.
325 in Italy, and termed “ a. lacteum; ” by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus.
“ In this y e a r ” (append. Sibth.), Retz publishing a Second edition of his Flor. Scand. prodr.,
enumerating Saxifraga tricuspidata, Alsine Groenlandica n. 55^; — «is Flor. oeconon. suec. “ in
1806;” Fl. Virgil, “ in 1809;” and died “ in 1821.”
“ In this y e a r ” (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), P. P. Lapeyrouse publishing his Flor. pyr. illustr.,—
the fourth and last volume “ in 1801,” and his Hist, abrég. plant, pyren. “ in 1813.”
“ In this y ear” (Winckl.), Roxburgh publishing his Plants of Coromandel,f — completed “ in 1819,”
“ 1796 A. D .” (Holmes), Tennessee admitted into the Union as the sixteenth State.
“ Feb. 8th, first d a y ” of the Chinese year (Pauth. 463), abdication of Kien-loung in favour of
his son Kia -k ing , now three hundred and fourth C h in e s e emperor . _ ■
“ A p r il” (Maunder), the Austrians and Piedmontese defeated by Bonaparte ; a young man just
appointed commander of the French army in Italy.
“ The same year ” (Kobell ii.), in the North Pacific among the Aleutian Islands, rising of a new
volcanic island out of the sea. — After a while, it gradually sunk down and disappeared.
* Y u c c a r e c u r v i f o l i a of Carolina and Florida. Introduced “ in 1794” into Britain, and described
by Haworth, and Salisbury par. Iond. 31 (Loud, encycl. plant.). Westward, observed by
Leconte in Lower Georgia; by Nuttall, “ in sandy fields. North Carolina.”
t Indigofera ccerulea of Eastern Hindustan. Discovered by Roxburgh, cultivated by him and
found to yield quantities of the most beautiful light indigo — [h. Dec., and Drur.).
P.rethrum Indicum of Eastern Asia. Observed by Roxburgh iii. p. 436 m Eastern Hindusta
n - - -a n d at Bombay, by Nimmo (Graham). Farther East, the Indian f e v e r f ew s enumerated by
Mason v 432 and 789 as “ exotic ” in Burmah, “ often seen in gardens in ” the city of Maulmain.
By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated in gardens (Boj.) ; and to
Europe, Sims bot. mag. pl. 1521.
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1049
“ The same year ” (Nicol.), Catharine II. succeeded by Paul, now Russian emperor.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng,), Karl Gotti. Rafn publishing his Flor. Dan. and Holstein; — the second
and concluding volume “ in 1800.”
“ The same y e a r ” (Holmes), by Benjamin Thompson of Massachusetts or count Rumford of
Munich, a donation of “ five thousand” dollars to the American academy of sciences : the interest to
be given as a premium every second year, for the most important discovery or improvement relating
to heat and light. This being confined to America; while (as appears from other authorities), a like
sum v/as given for the same purpose to a Society in Britain.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), F. A. Marschall von Bieberstein visiting the countries along the
Western shore of the Caspian, meeting with . . . . (Willd. iii. 274). — Pie made subsequent visits “ in
179S, 1802 and 1805,” published his Flor. taur.-caucas. “ in 1S08,” completed with a supplement “ in
1819,” and died “ in 1826.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng. gesch.), Jo. Aloys. Froelich publishing his Gentian, libell., en-amerating
Gentiana linearis 37. n. ir .
“ In this year ” (Spreng.), Francis Masson publishing his Stapel. nov.
In this year (Act. linn. soc. vi. pl. 28), Forster describing Solea concolor of North America (Ph.).
— Pie died “ in 1798.”
“ In this year ” (Willd.), James Donn publishing his Cat, hort. cantabrig,-*
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Lamarck completing the Fourth volume o fh i s Diet, encycl. bot.,
enumerating Hypericum fasciculatum iv. 153, H. galioides iv. 154.
Momordica Senegalensis of Tropical Western Africa. Known to grow wild from Senegal to
Guinea (Pers., ancl A. Dec.). Transported to Europe is described by Lamarck enc, iv. 239. — By
European colonists, transported also to Brazil, where it continues to occur near dwellings, following
the footsteps of man (M. A. de Cazal, and A. St. Hilaire).
“ ' 797i Feb. 4th ” (Cavanilles, and Humb. cosm. v.), earthquake destroying the city oiRiobamba
on the Andes, and in the course of a few minutes more than twenty thousand of its inhabitants. The
columns of smoke of the volcano of Pasto, at least 200 miles distant, diaappeared on the same morning,
and never reappeared.
“ In this y e a r ” (append. Sibth.), Roth publishing his Catalect. Botan.
Erysimum virgatum of the mountains of Western Europe. Described by Roth cat. i. 75 —
(A. Dec.) : observed by Brotero i. 575 in Portugal; by Schleicher, in Switzerland (Pers.). Transported
to Britain, has been found adventive, springing up spontaneously (Wats. cyb. iii. 384).
“ April 1 7 th ” (praef); after his Amaranth, “ in 1790,” C. L. Willdenow publishing the First
volume of his Species plantarum, enumerating arhong botanical friends who had contributed dried
specimens Gunther, Hedwig, Hayne, Humboldt, Isert, Klein, Panzer, Pohl, Reiner, Roth, Rottler,
Rudolphi, Schmidt, Schrader, Timm, Trattinick, Usteri, V a h l: and among plants describing Miihlen-
berqia Willdenovii, Calamagrostis confinis (Steud.), Elymus striatus, Rhynchospora cymosa, Eleocharis
obtusa (Steud.), Leersia Virginica, Ceialochloa unioloides “ fes tu ca ” of W. (Baldw. rel.
106-12) ; North American plants, communicated perhaps in all instances by Muhlenberg.
“ July 7th ” (Holmes), a system of predatory violence under the authority of the French government
continuing, an act pa ssed; To declare the treaties heretofore concluded with France, no longer
obligatory on the United States.
“ In this y e a r ” (Jap. mann. 26S), first appearance of an American ship in Japan, the Eliza of
New York, Capt. Stewart, hired by the Dutch authorities at Batavia in consequence of the w a r ; the
Japanese officials were sorely perplexed by the crew speaking English, but at length convinced that
they were not “ real English,” the Eliza was admitted “ as a Dutch ship.” — Capt. Stewart afterwards
attempted unsuccessfully to open direct trade with Japan.
“ The same y e a r ” (Nicol,), Frederic William II. succeeded by Frederic William I I I ., fifth king
of Prussia.
“ In this y e a r ” (append. Sibth.), Jacquin publishing his Hort. schoenbr., enumerating Asclepias
quadrifolia. .
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.)’, Host publishiug his Synops. plant, austr.; — and-“ in 1827-31,” his
Flor. austr.
-* Clayionia perfoliata of Northwest America. Growing according to Hooker from the mouth
of the Columbia to tlie Rocky mountains. Probably as a potherb transportecl to Mexico and Cuba
(Dec.), and thence to Eui ope, wliere it is described by James Donn hort. cantab. p. 25, — (Willd.) ;
is termed “ limnia perfoliata ” by Haworth (Steud.), and of late years escaping from cullivation has
become naturalizecl around London : “ in 1852,” was observed by Corder at Ampthill, at a long distance
from any garden ; ancl “ in 1853,” was found at Weybridge and at Clapham (phytol. 4S5 to 9S2,
and A. Dec.). Was seen in Cuba by Humboldt and Bonpland, and termed “ c. Cubensis.”
132
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