1 5 0 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
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Baal-hanan succeeded by Hadar or Hadad IL , eighth king of Edom (Gen. xx.xvi. 39, and
I Chron. i. 50).
Ramessu V I. succeeded by his brother Ramessu V I I . Atamum-nuterhikten, nrth
I king of the Twentieth dynasty. The name of Ramessu V I I . occurs at Medinet Abu,
I and in his own tomb at Bab-el-meluk.
As early probably as this date, the “ paieona” composed by Tynnichus of Chaléis
(Piat. ion. 5). The “ paieona ” is described by others, as originaliy sung at Delphi to
celebrate the killing of the serpent Pyto'?>' Apollo : — it was sung by the Greek army before the
walls of Troy (according to Homer il.). , ■ ,r j
Ninety-third generation. Jan. ist, I200, mostly beyond youth : Micah of Mount Ephraim (Judg.
xvii) : and among Greeks, Tros father of Ilus (Horn. il. xxiv. 215 to 240), Tyro daughter of Salmo-
neiis and mother of Neleus and Amythaon (Horn. od. xi. 234 to 258).
1 199 B. C. (— 1071 + “ 12S y e a rs ” of Euseb. ii., and Clint, i. p. 345), Gordius succeeded by his
son Midas as king of Phrygia. — Midas promoted the worship of Dionysus or Bacchus, and founded
the city of Ancyra (Herod, i. 14, Strab. vii. p. 304, Paus. i. 4. 5, and Ael. var. hist. iv. 17).
Posa centifolia of Eastern Caucasus. A rose called in Italy “ rosa a bottoni” (Lenz) in Greece
“ triantaphulléa ” (Fraas), in Egypt “ ouard” (Deb), in Egyptian “ v é r t ” or “ e r t ” (ms. Borg.) or
“ ouert ” or “ ouért ” (ms. Par.): “ rotha ” having sixty petals and exceeding other kinds in fragrance
were springing up spontaneously in tlie gardens of Midas in Macedonia in the days of Herodotus
viii. 138: the Inost fragrant roses yielding the sweetest ointment came from Cyrene in the days of
Theophrastus vi. 6. 5: R. centifolia was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, cultivated for
commercial purposes in Egypt; by Fraas, in the gardens of Greece; is well known in the gardens
of Italy and middle Europe (Desf., Pers., Red. pl. 25 and 52, and Lenz); and according to Lindley
is indigenous in “ woods in the eastern parts of the Caucasus.” Its petals are employed medicinally,
and “ for the distillation of rose water" (Lindl,). A fragrant oil of roses was known in the time of
the Trojan war (Horn. il. xxiii. 186); the “ n rth” at the king’s table in Cant. i. 12, rose-ointment
for the dinner-table mentioned by Pliny xxi. 10, may also be compared; the term “ narthos ” being
extended by the modern Greek.s to a similar perfume, the essential oil of lavender (see R. Damascena,
Lavandula, and Valeriana jatamansi).
“ iigS B. C. = tst year of Wou-y, of the Chang” or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
“ 1197 B. C. = 2d year of W o u -y ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-fifth cycle.
The same year ( = 1 0 7 « “ 23 + 30 + 48 + 25 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134), Erichthonius
succeeded by his son Pandion, sixth Attic king.
The same year (“ in the reign of Pandion at Athens,” Castor in Euseb. i. p. 13S, and “ of Lynceus
at Argos,” Tat. and Clem. Alex., and “ about 130 years before the fall of Troy,” Clint, i. p. 86), arrival
of Cadmus in Greece : bringing (according to Sophocles, Herodotus, Aristotle, and ancient authors
generally) the alphabet and art of writing from Phoenicia.
One of his companions, Membliarus, was left upon the island .of Kalliste (afterwards called
“ There,” Herodot. iv. 147, Pausan. iii. i. 7, and Schol. Pind. pyth. iv. 88). Traces of ancient colonization
from Phoenicia and Palestine, are found in geographical names in various parta of G re e c e :
as in the Peloponnesus a river called “ lardanos” or Jordan, another in Crete (Horn. il. vii, 135, od.
iii. 292, and Pherecyd.); and in . . . . a city called “ Hebron.”
The worship of Bacchus also brought by the Cadmeans — (Herodot. ii. 49, and Pausan. ix. 5).
“ 1 194 B. C. = 1st year of Tai-ting, of the Chang ” or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
The same year ( = 991 + “ 7 + 26 + 40 yrs ” of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), a date
possibly marking the accession of Ramessu V I I I ., sixth king of the Twentieth dynasty.
— His reign is recorded by a royal scribe in a sepulchral tablet dedicated to the deities
Osiris, Onouris, and Horus (Birch).
Leaving Boeotian Thebes, Cadmus and Harmonía proceeded Westward and Northward
to the Encheleans on the Illyrian shore of the Adriatic ; and near Rizon (Risano on the
Gulf of Cattaro) founded the new city of Bóuthóé (Flerodot., Apollod., Nicand., Strab., Etym. magn.,
Steplian., and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. 31) called “ Butuam ” by Pliny, and at the present day
“ Budua.” The temple or tomb of Cadmus in that vicinity is mentioned in the Scylacean Periplus,
and by Eratosthenes, Phylarchns, Apollonius Rhodius, and others.
“ 1 191 B. C. = 1st year of Ti-y, of the Chan g” or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
As early perhaps as tliis date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 232),
Cripa reigning in Hindustan.
Phinehas being high-priest (Ex. vi. i, Num. xxv,, Josh, xxii., and Judg, xx. 28), civil war; ending
in the almost total extirpation of the Tribe of Benjamin.
The O V P klo used in this war — (Judg. xx. t6), mentioned also in the history of David ( i Sam.
xvii. 40), and somewhat later in 2 K. iii, 25, is admitted to be the sling; figured on the Assyrian
a
monuments at Nineveh (Bonom. iv. 3) ; and bands of “ funditores” or slingers were employed in the
Roman armies (Sail., and Val. Max.). The use of this weapon extended even to America : as shown
by an ancient Peruvian sling found by myself among the ruins of Pachacamac near Lima.
1186 B. C. ( = 1141 -j- “ 45 y e a r s ” of Euseb. ii., and Syncell.), accession of Panyas as Assyrian
emperor. He is also mentioned by Cephalion: but “ forty-two” years only are assigned to his reign
in Euseb. i.
Tantalus father of Pelops, Broteas, and Niobe, a wealthy king, and (according to Diodorus iv.
74) Flyginus 124, and Servius ad aen. vi. 603) king of Lydia or of Sipylus; — an account confirmed
by recent discoveries on mount Sipylus (see Niobe).
11S5 B. C. ( = 1176 y. 3 o 2 ^ |d .+ “ 8 years ” of Judg. iii. 8), the Israelites “ so ld ” into “ the
hands of Chushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia ; ” or the first Servitude.
“ In th e reign of Lynceus” (Ta t, and Clem. A le x ) , Crete governed by the lawgiver Minos.
Regarded as having inaugurated naval dominion : extending his authority over other islands, and
even imposing tribute on the city of Athens. — The wisdom and justice of Minos are celebrated by
Homer (il. iii. 232, xiii. 450, od. xi. 322, 569, and xix. 179), the Cretans continuing pre-eminent as
mariners, and communication with the main land being frequent. The tribute imposed by Minos on
Athens, continued to be paid annually for about eight hundred years, ceasing soon after the death
of Socrates (Plat. leg. iv. 2).
Minos encouraged archery, and a law in which he directs children to be instructed in the art —
has been preserved by Ephorus (Strab. x.) : the quiver is represented on the earliest coins of Crete
(Goltz, græc.) ; the Cretan archers according to Xenophon iv rendered great assistance in the
Retreat of the ten thousand; to the time of Pausanias, the Cretans excelled all other Greeks in the
art ; and their proficiency was found by Tournefort trav. i. 100 not altogether obsolete.
Cenchrus ? frutescens o i the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ pëtrôkalamô ”
(Sibth.), and furnished the arrows — according to Tournefort trav. i. 100 ; the “ kalamous inthikous ” or
“ mëstôkalamôus ” or “ valitas ” is said by Democritus to indicate water if the shoots are tender; the
“ kalamou epigëiôn” of Theophrastus iv. 13 maybe compared; and the “ nastos ” from which arrows
are made, distinguished by Dioscorides i. 114, is referred here by Sibthorp: C. frutescens is termed
“ arundo graminea aculeata ” by Alpinus exot. pl. 104, as observed by him on Crete (Spreng.), “ gramen
orientale spicatum fruticosum spinosum spicis echinatis in capitulnm congestis ” by Tournefort cor.
39 ; was observed by Sibthorp frequent in maritime sands around Crete, the Peloponnesus, and the
Greek islands, and according to Linnæus occurs also in Armenia ; but in the absence of specimens
from the Liniiæan and Sibthorpian herbaria, the plant remains altogether obscure (J. E. Smith).
i iS l B. C. (= 1 1 5 8 -|- “ 23 y e a r s ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 12g, see also Pausan. ii. 16. 2, and
Tat.), Lynceus succeeded by his son Abas, thirteenth king at Argos.
1 178 B. C. = “ 17th year of Ramessu V I I I .,” in a papyrus — (Birch, in Buns, præf iii.).
1177 B. C. ( = 1158 y. 302|5 d. _j_ “ 18 y e a r s ” of judg. iii. 14), Chusan-rishathaim of Mesopotamia
defeated by the Israelites under Othniel.
Cleitor succeeded by his cousin Aepytus, grandson of Areas and now seventh king of Arcadia
- ( F in d . vi. 54, and Paus. viii. 4. 7). Aepytus was killed by the bite of a “ sëps,” described by
Pausanias as a viper of the smallest size, ash-coloured with dots, the head broad and neck slender.
The tomb of Aepytus is mentioned by Homer ¡1. ii. 604, and was visited by Pausanias.
On the summit of mount Cyllene in Arcadia, Cylien brother of Aepytus built a temple to Mercury;
■— in ruins when visited by Pausanias viii. 17. i.
Callitris quadrlvalvis of Barbary. Called in Egypt and Yemen “ a t l” (F o r sk .): by a marked
exception, the image of Mercury in this temple was of “ thuou ” — (Paus.) ; burned on Calypso’s
Isle (Malta) for sacrifice (Horn. od. v. 60); mentioned by Theophrastus v. 3 as growing in Cyrene
and the Oasis of Ammon; and “ xulon thuinon” by Callixenus, Strabo iv. 6, and in Rev. xviii. 12:
the “ athi ” is mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Serapion. and Ebn Baitar : C quadrivalvis was observed
by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in E g yp t; by myself, planted in gardens throughout and in the
distance much resembling a Casnarina ; according to my Nubian attendant is well-known in Dongola ;
was observed by Forskal as far as Yemen ; and galls from the “ a t l” are enumerated by Forskal mat.
med., and Clot-Bey, as employed in Egypt for dyeing in place of those from the oak. Westward, the
“ thyon ” of Homer and others is identified by Pliny xiii. 29 to 30 with the “ citrus ” of tlie Romans, the
material of tables so highly prized from the time of Cicero, the variegated knotty root being especially
valued: “ libyssa c itru s” is mentioned by Varrò; its wood as precious by Horace iv. i ; and “ citrea
mensa” by Petronius, Lucan, and Martial: C. quadrivalvis was ascertained by S. E. Cook 10 have
furnished the roofing of a mosque at Cordova built in the “ Ninth ” century (Royle in Kitt. bibl cycl.) ;
and according to Daubeny “ beautiful specimens of ornamental cabinet-work ” so much admired a
few years ago in Paris ; was observed by Schousboe in its wild state, “ a tree of enormous size ” in
the Upper portion of the province of Terasme in Morocco.
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