t
Negro tribes as far inland as the Monomoisy: is mentioned by Hellanicus (Ruel ii. 18) ; in the days
of Strabo xv. was cultivated in Bactriana, Suziana, Babylonia, and Syria, having already reached the
Mediterranean ; the “ oruza ” is mentioned also by Dioscorides, and Galen ; the “ glfiogSngs oruza ”
by Hesychius ; and the “ o ry za ” by Horace satir. 2. 3. 155, and Pliny: O. sativa was observed by
Delile under cultivation in E g y p t ; by Fraas, in Greece ; and by Lenz, in Italy. By European colonists,
was carried to America, where it continues extensively cultivated in the marshes of our Southern
States.
“ Fiftieth year of Nuantef I I .,” in a tablet in the Assasif at Thebes — (Birch).
The coffin of Nuantef II. was discovered in tombs of kings of this dynasty in the Gurna quarter
of Thebes ; and is perhaps the earliest evidence of the existence of this city. — The next or Eleventh
dynasty, is the earliest Theban dynasty mentioned by Manetho.
In the ornamental work on this coffin, ivory is enumerated by Birch (Glid. otia Eg.) ; procured in
all probability on the Upper Nile from the African elephant:
Also obsidian; brought from some distant country, there being no volcanic district immediately
around E g y p t :
And bronze. — The art of forming this compound metal, known from other evidence to have preceded
the historical records of Greece (see Sm. diet. gr. and rom. antiq.).
The tin required was probably at first procured in the East, the metal occurring in Drangiana or
Eastern Persia — (Strab. xv. 2. 10) ; its Sanscrit name “ kastira” appears to have given rise to the
Arabic “ kasdir,” and Greek “ kassiffiros ” (see Cassiterides) : tin is besides enumerated in the Chou-
King (Pauth. 48) among the products of China. On the other hand, no evidence has been discovered
of the transportation of tin across Switzerland during the Stone period (compare Troyon
p. 254).
Ornamental gilding on the same coffin, — enumerated by Birch : the Egyptian name of gold is
given as “ nouv ” or “ n ou f” (Sept., and ms. Borg.) ; the word “ nkbt ” meaning gold-washing, occurs
in hieroglyphic characters under or before the Twelfth dynasty (Rosselini) ; the terms in which the
gold of Havilah is mentioned in Genesis ii. 12, imply a knowledge in the narrator of gold from other
sources; and gold mines worked by ancient Egyptian kings in the mountains along the Red sea
South of the Kosseir road, are described in detail by Agatharchides, Edrisi, Abulfeda, Makrizi, and
Wilkinson (geogr. soc. Lond. ii. p. 47).
Erythrma Abyssinica? of the Upper Nile. A tree abounding in the Abyssinian province of
Kuara, also in Fazoglo, Nuba, and Guba, its seeds used from the earliest times by the Shangalla as
a weight for gold — and called “ carats,” giving rise to the carats of gold dealers 7™ c e vii. pl. 19).
The “ kardh ” is described by Abu Hanifa as a large Leguminous tree whose seeds are used for
weights (Abd-allat.).
The lining of the coffin presents inscriptions in hieratic wi-iting— (Birch) : known to be cursive
hieroglyphics, bearing the same relation to hieroglyphic characters as handwriting does to printed
letters.
The name of king Muntuhotep occurs at Assuan ; — also, in the chamber of kings
I at Karnak, and apparently the same name in the series at Gurna (Leps. d. ii. pl. 149,
and k. pl. 11 and 20). This name may therefore have occupied one of the six vacant
M W B f pHcss preceding the Twelfth dynasty in the tablet at Abydos,
x k K . Davonus or Daonus, a shepherd of Pantibiblis, reigning at Babylon— (Berosus in
Ale.x, Polyhist., Euseb., and Syncell.).
Fifty-eighth generation. May ist, 2367, mostly beyond youth :
“ 2366 B. C. ( = 1st year of Ti-tchi,” Chinese chron. table ; but clearly too early for his accession).
Edoranchus or Euedorachus, of Pantibiblis, reigning at Babylon. — (Berosus in Alex. Polyhist.,
Euseb., and Syncell.)
The name of king Nuantef I I I . has been found on contemporaneous monuments —
I (Leps. k. pl. I r).
“ 2357 B, C. ( = 1st year of Thang-yao or Yao ” in the Chinese chronological table ;
Du Halde i. 131 further states, that “ from the reign of Yau beginning in 2357,” Chinese
history is regarded as certain : the date is clearly too early for the accession of
Yao, but) may mark the founding of a new dynasty by Hoang-ti: who guided by a car “ indicating
the South,” obtained success in military expeditions and extended his empire Southward as far as
the river Kiang (Pauth. p. 29). That the magnetic needle was first discovered by the Chinese, is regarded
by Amyot and writers generally as certain.
“ In the reign of Hoang-ti” (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 472), arrival in China of a stranger
“ from the South, journeying upon a white deer and offering as tribute a cup and skins ” (a description
agreeing better with a stranger from the North, with reindeer and furs) : — in the region North
of the Altaian mountains, the “ Mecri ” (according to Marco Polo 71) “ chavauchent les cerf,” use
i f .
r, . ,-eindeer for horses. Westward, the “ tarandus ” of the Scythians is described P W J ” ; 5? ’
u q nf the reindeer, Cervus rano-iferinus, occur among debris of the ‘ Stone age in ^ i ,
S a l has been long domesticated in Lapland ; and is figured under the name of ‘ rangier by Ga.-
ton Phoebus Muntuhotep III. occurs in contemporaneous inscriptions in the
1 quarries at Plamamat (Leps. d. ii. pl. 149. and k. pl. i_i).
“ Second year of Muntuhotep 1 1 1 in two inscriptions at Hamamat - ( ;
a ,337 B. C. = beginning of the Sixth cycle ” (Chinese chron. table ; referred there
W to t h e “ 2is t year o f Y a o ,” but clearly too ear ly for his a cces sion ).
T h e * s s i o n therefore of Chao-hao, son of Hoang-ti and uncle of Tchouen-h.o 3 ° ) « o t
e a r l i l r than the last-named date. Chao-hao prescribed dresses to indica e the rank of civil and m.h-
r nffirers (Pauth ) • — and in his reign, a new kind of music was invented in China. ■
N l e sevLteentl! chapter of the Egyptian ritual or Book of tlm Dead, the most
in hieroglyphic writing extant, is inscribed on the coffin of queen Mentuhe^ (Buns, ^nd B.rch v. 89).
_ _ O th le l r a c t s on coffins have been traced by Birch as far back as foe Twelfth dynasty.
. 1 1 “ aphSph” or “ aphbp” or “ aphophi ” giant, mighty man,^ phot or
! l 7 ’ The°Tphophis wearing the crown of Lower Egypt, occurs as eariy at le ^ t « the
' ^'dylasty (Champ, diet. S^S). Among the Greeks, Apollo slew the J ^ J ’ / L
and hence the name “ Pythian ” applied to his oracle at Delphi (Homer od. vin. So and xi. 581,
i t a l t t h S l y t t I t t e t^ a n t i c serpent^ ^ q u j
torial Africa. - One of these serpents, “ thirty cubits ” long, was brought ahve from Equatorial Africa
to Alexandria in the reign of Ptolemy II. (Agatharch., in Diodor in. 25).
c u „ . « 0 year or 0 .
' ( a c c t d t t o t t c h o u Chou), are referred in the melanges Remusat m. p. 2 0 to the Lapland-
I s t e colntry of foe Yang-pao-theou, according to the historical romance called J o u e tchq
is situated Northwest of Sogdiana; they were numerous in the time of the Wei, according
chi ; and are mentioned by Ma-touan-lin in the Thirteenth century A. (Rerosus in Alex
Amemphsinus, a Chaldean of Lanchares or Laranchis, reigning at B a b y l o n - (Berosus Alex.
of Chao-hao, perhaps a lr^ d y “ elected ” emperou
He r l fo r le d the calendar, making foe year commence, in accordance with the foove-ment.oned conjunction
of “ five planets ” with the first lunation of spring. China now e y® / “ ? Noith to Tar a >,
East to the sea W e s t t o t h e sandy Desert, and South to Cochinchina (Pauth.).
of r ro „ . . . I , . . A .U U * ' f « i t y ” ,
W HlStnv '¡J X « " .I” 11» '“lien toow,, mtdiclnal plant, In u s e also among tha Magjans ;
d liv e d its name from the physician of the gods sometimes identified with Apolto, was employed
t f o i l l l y b T th file I d a f f i Dactyli and their successors the Curetes and ^ ry b an te^ was ^ lu - .
la t e lT n foe L rd e n of Hecate (Olph. hymn and argon, i. 916, Strab, Plut. Inn., and Spreng.) ; is
identified in s"yn Diosc. with the “ ithaibus thaktulous ” or “ aglaophbtitha ’ or sMenion ; ’ s^^® J
n^f i ^ i i S m ’a s b r « E . t o “ J « , “ ‘r S t . o T L T o n n i l «
3 7 p r i . “ ions'being taken agiainst the “ pints martins,- and employed " 9 “
in auiete ludubriis ■ ” the “ paiSnia thetoia ” is also distinguished by Dioscorides, and P my . P. offici
n ? s f d i= t? b S i „ F ue lmi.. aoa, and Lobel pk bSe ; is inm .d "p . com m .m . ,e U
Tournefort inst.»274 ; is known to grow in North Italy on the wooded slopes of the Alps (Pers
and Lenz) • was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the loftier mountains of Crete and Gieece ,
d e l i S l y A l ia s (S le u d .) l and ro lts and seeds of the “ pieonia” are enumerated 0 Alpinus,
and Forskal mat med , as imported for medicinal use into Egypt. By European colonists . offic -
‘nalis was carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent m gardens. Its seeds according
to Lindley are “ emetic and cathartic,” and its “ root reported to be antispasmodic
" Fceonia corallina of the Altaian mountains. Called m Britain peony or piony (Prior), m Italy
J ' t .