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1450 B. C. = “ 36th year of Amunhotep III.,” at Sarbit-el-Khadim ; the latest date m his reign
formd on the mo.— s - + e 0 0 E 0 « p. ^ Afr.-
Maneth table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving + “ 3 8 ” = HSOi
of Amunhotep III., and accession of Amunhotep IV., fifth J J®
dynasty His name occurs on contemporaneous monuments ; — but not in the series
r of k i n / at Abydos, Gurna, Medinet Abu, nor is he mentioned by Manetho.
£ c o £ l £ d ,1;= . . Soleb in N ubia, bn. nclopt.d .bn r ' b g j d ,»
mother Tii and in all the inscriptions composed during his reign not one Egyptian „
I . at Qnr. ” n ens eiz. and sin. IQ to 27, and Birch. See below, Sherah).
'°"°u47°B C (— 140S + “ 39 years ” of Euseb. ii.), accession of Sparaethus as Assyrian muperor.
“ Fo!ty ” years are iX ev T r assigned to his reign i. p. 44, and “ forty-two ” years by Syncellus, who
calls hhn fo Amunhotep IV .” at Alabastron or Tel-el-Amarna, recording his
1 y y disk whose rav.s have hands — (Immortality reaching down lo man, or revealed
r X i f / . Amunhotep IV, was called Khuenaten in the latter part of 10 reign, and had two daughters
w him he associated with him in the empire in o r « r to s u c c e « him (Birch).
“ In the sixth generation before Deucalion’s conquest” (D ionys. 1. p. 45, see also ilellan., an
terranean ancf Ethiopia, while Asiatic and Negro soldiers filled the ra0 s of h.s army B .r cl« T at
he preceded Horus, appears from his name on stone blocks employed by Horus m building (C. Mu 1.
fr. Man. p. 586).^ ^ ^ ^ fo M ^ e th o in Jos. c. A., Manefo^also
f f T T s T J l r 4 l3 t l4 7 9 r : i> ^ 4 l e ° s X c X d e i | l i b r e t / X a t h 5|
b i . g g . A M . . : a ^
In tiqs year ( = 1437 y. 4 mo. - 9 mo., Manetho also giving “ T2 y. 3 mo. + 12 y. S mo.”
« ,4 ,3 I 1438), RathStis succeeded by AkSgheres. On the monuments Ai or Au.
to the Lventh k ilg of the Eighteenth dynasty. H e had held office under Amunhotep
IV. ;and that he preceded Horus, is shown by his name on stone b lo ck s-em p lo y ed
.. by Horus in building the fourth pylon at Karnak (Prisse, and Birch).
n l V E X . X / T t M lm l l i l l n / l a w ' e t T i« T a ta st date in his reign found on the monuments
(Leps. k. tab. p. 17, mostly beyond youth: P h a r e z and Zarah (Gen. xxxviii.
E ghty-sixth genera lon^^ S " . X r o X i 4) ; Machir “ Uie first born of M anasseh” (Gen. 1. 23,
n ' X . X i X xx’vii. I, and jlsh . xvii, 3) ; Teman, Amalek, Zerah of Bosrah, and Bela king of Edom
(Gen xxxvL .1 to / ’ / J j / X / k e l X f fo eC h a n g ” or Fourth dynasty - (Chinese chron. taUc)
“ B I ^ . i a r i l marWe, and T r o / n p. 175), discovered by the D.rotyh o
i ^ r S n l / r i X ' l ' R S e s s n H. at ^ ^ e s « r o on th ^ tam .e M M « in 0 A /
described by Aristotle. , ,„n„„ „r -Rnh p1 meiuk bis name having been
and I n 264 the paintings on the walls “ almost exclusively refer to Ufe aftei death.
These paintings — remain uninjured by the slightest infiltration of moisture, notwithstanding the
prodigy mentioned by Herodotus of a fall of rain at Thebes. That the climate is not absolutely
rainless, is shown by Lepsius eg, and sin. 119 having experienced a “ heavy rain and violent thunderstorm
at Assuan,” though his “ guards never remembered such a spectacle ; ” on my own visit there
several months afterwards, the people continued to speak of this rain-storm.
1425 B, C. ( = 1436 + 7 — “ 12 y. 5 mo,” of Manetho in Jos. c. A., Manetho also
giving “ 12 y. 3 mo.” -|- 1413 = 1426), Akëghêrës succeeded by another Akëghêrës.
On the monuments, Tutankhamun Hiktenres is the eighth king of the Eighteenth
dynasty, but his name — does not occur in the series of kings at Abydos, Gurna, nor
at Medinet-Abu.
Amunhotep and Hui, governors of Ethiopia under Amunhotep I II ., continued in power, and Hui
sent tribute ; recorded together with tribute from the Syrians in a tomb at Thebes. The name of
Tutankhamum Hiktenres occurs also on blocks of stone — employed by Plorus in building (C. Mull,
fr. Man. p. 5S6, Leps. k. pl. 30, and Birch).
In this year ( = 1495 — “ 70 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 12g, see also Pherecyd., Apollod.,
Plygin., and Pausan.), in the Peloponnesus, Argus succeeded by his son Criasus, fifth Argive king.
Tiryns another son of Argus founding the city bearing liis own name; his brother Peirasus dedicating
there an image of Juno. This image, made of wood of tlie “ ahrathos” — or wild pear, was
on the capture of the city by the Argives removed to the temple near Mycenae, where it continued
extant in the days of Pausanias ii. 17. 5 and 25.7. (See Pyrus communis).
Cratoegus oxyacantha of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hawthorn or
white thorn ox hedge thorn, in Anglo-Saxon “ hagathorn ” or “ hegethorn,” in Germany “ hagedorn”
(Prior) or “ weissdorn ” (Grieb), in France “ aubépine ” (Nugent), in Italy “ spina bianca” (Lenz), in
Greece “ moruntza” or “ trikokkia” or “ ahlatha ” (Sibth ), in which we recognize the “ ahras ” fruit on
which the inhabitants of Tiryntha at first liv ed— (Aelian and Ruel i. 115), also the “ ahërthô ” thorny
hedge on Ithaca (Horn. od. xiv. 10), and “ ahërthôs ” plant of Sophocles oed, 1596, and Theocritus
xxiv. 89, yielding according to Pherecrates the fruit called “ ahras ” (Steph. th. ed. Hase) : C. oxj-acantha
was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, a frequent tree from the Peloponnesus to
Tenedos,"and planted in hedges on Crete. Westward, the “ spina a lba ” is mentioned by Columella
vii. 7, 2 to 9. 6; C. oxyacantha was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; is known to grow wild in
Italy and throughout middle Europe, where also it has long been employed for hedges (fl Dan. pl.
634, Jacq. austr., Pers., and Prior). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where
it continues planted for ornament, and I have observed trees to all appearance spontaneously seeded
and more than thirty feet high in the environs of Salem in New Engl.ind. (See C. monogyna).
Fyrns salicifolia of the East Mediterranean countries and Siberia, Called in Greece “ goritzia ”
or “ gouritzia ” or “ ahlathia ” (Fraas), and possibly the “ ahras ” in question : — the “ ahras ” is mentioned
as edible by Homer, by Aristotle viii. 9 as food for swine, by Dioscorides as a kind of “ agrias
apiou,” is mentioned also by Theophrastus ii. 3, and in the Hermetic iatromalhematica, and is referred
here by Fr.aas : P. salicifolia is termed “ p. sylvestris orientalis folio oblongo incano” by Tournefort
cor. 43 ; and was observed by Sibthorp on mount Hæinus, by Fraas, abounding in Greece and continuing
a favourite food of swine ; is known to grow also in Armenia and Siberia (Pall. fl. ross. i. pl.
9, and Pers.).
1417 B. C. {— 1505 y. 332II d. — “ I to years ” of ten lunations of Gen. 1. 22 to 26), after bringing
up upon his knees the children “ of Machir the son of Manasseh,” and seeing “ Ephraim’s children
of the th ird” generation, death of Joseph.
The same year ( = 1413 -(- “ 5th year of Kogharis ” of Manetho in Syncell p. 103), accession
of Akëghrës or Ahërrës, as queen of Egypt. She is identified by Lepsius (C. M ull fr. Man.
p. 586) with “ Bech-n-aten ra (Bechra) ” widow of Amunhotep IV. ; and is represented in the
sculptures at Amarna with all the emblems of royalty ; but whether she died in the lifetime
of her brother-in-law king Horemheb, remains unascertained. The account of “ Nitô k r is ”
(given by Herodotus . . ), coincides in some remarkable particulars with that of “ Sherah,” i Chron.
vii. 21 to 24 ; and in Manetho, we find even identity in name (for the sound “ sh ” cannot be expressed
in Greek letters, the nearest approach being the phonetic change that has converted the Spanish
“ X e r e s ” or Heres into the English “ S herry” ).
Convolvulus scavimonia of the East Mediterranean countries. The scammony plant is called
in Egyptian “ sakamonia” (Edw.), and the trailing sagittate-leaved Convolvulus figured at Amarna
— (Leps. d. iii. pl. 98), and more or less distinctly on subsequent monuments (Champ, p l 5 and 273,
and Rosselin. i. pl. 19 and iii. pl. 5), may be compared : C. scammonia was observed by Hasselquist
near Damietta on the Mediterranean border, and the imported drug has doubtless been long known
in Egypt. Farther North, the “ skamônias” is mentioned by Antiphanes, i Mul. morb. 597, Theophrastus,
Nicander, and Athenaeus, the plant according to Rufus Ephesius fr. 21 growing on the Asiatic
16