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“ Ii68 A. D,” (Munk, and Marcel), an army of crusaders, brought from Palestine into Egypt to
repel a Syrian invasion, assuming the offensive captured Bilbeis (Bubastis) and advanced as far as
Cairo ; but were finally compelled to retire.
Cocculus cebatha of Tropical Arabia. A woody vine called in Yemen “ kebath,” in which wc
recognize the “ kabath ” of Ebn Alawan landwirths., — and Ebn Baitar; C. cebatha was observed by
Forskal p. 171 among the mountains of Yemen, the ripe berries acrid but edible, and a spirituous
liquor procured from them.
“ 1169 A. D.” (Caradoc of Llancarvan, and Major 2d edit. Columb. p. xxi), death of Owen
Gwjmedd, prince of North Wales. Contention arising among his numerous sons, one of them named
Madawe or Madoc sailed with a small fleet “ westward, and leaving Iceland on the north, came at
length to an unknown country where everything appeared new and uncommon and the manner of the
natives different from all that he had ever seen : ” the fertility and beauty of the country inviting settlement,
he left behind most of his men ; and returning to Wales, persuaded “ a considerable number”
of his countrymen to accompany him, and “ with ten ships ” bade “ a final adieu to his native soil.” —
The event is alluded to by Meredyth ab Rhys, a Welsh bard who died “ in 1477-”
“ In this year ” (art de verif.). Roku-dsioo, succeeded by Takakura, third son of Go-sijrakawa, and
now at the age of “ nine ” dairo of Japan.
“ 1170 A. D.” (Nicoh). a synod at Constantinople. The propositions of the emperor Emanuel
Comnena for the union of the two churches, were rejected,
“ In this year ” (= 1192 — 142 -f- “ 120th yr.” of hist. Prithw., and Wilford as. res. ix. p. 171),
adoption or accession of Prithwi-raja or Pithaura as king of Delhi, uniting the Tomara and Chauhana
families. According to some authorities, he was a son of Vigraha-Deva (H. H. Wils. ind. dram. ii.
p. 154).
The Sanscrit poet Kalidasa,* “ eighth gem in the council of king Vicrama ” (Navaratna, and
* Elccocarpus oblongus of Tropical Hindustan. A very beautiful tree when In full bloom called
in the environs of Bombay “ khas ” or “ kassow ” (Graham) ; and the “ namerui ” tree of Kalidasa
kum. i. 56 to iii. 45, its flowers and leaves gathered and worn, — is referred here by Stenzler; E.
oblongus was observed by Rheede iv. pl. 24 in Malabar; by Graham, at Mahableshwur and in the
vale of the Yena, its petals fringed and foliage “ frequently tinged with red ; ” by Wight pl. 46, m
other parts of the peninsula.
Calysaccion longifolium of Western Plindustan. A large Clusioid tree called in Canara
“ taringee” or “ woondee” (Bed.), in the environs of Bombay “ suringee” or “ gordeoondy” (Graham),
or the female “ poonag ” (Bed., and Graham) ; and possibly the “ punnaga” trees the bees
abandoning in Kalidasa ragh. iv. 57 ; — C, longifolium was observed by Graham “ on the Ghauts and
throughout the Concans,” its flowers “ collected and exported to Bengal for dyeing silk ; ” by Wight
pl. 1999, Cleghorn, and Drury, as far as Mysore, its flowers emitting a fragrance not unlike that of
violets and used as a perfume, its fruit delicious to the taste, (See Rottlera tinctoria).
Aleurites laccifera of Southern Hindustan and Ceylon. Called in Sanscrit “ laksha ” (Ainsl.) ;
and the “ lacsha” of Kalida.sa sacont., its juice staining her feet exquisitely red,—may be compared
: A. laccifera was observed by Burmann pl. 91 on Ceylon ; and it or its product is mentioned
by Ainslie 23 (J. F. Wats.).
Ixora parviflora of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The torch tree is small and erect, called
in the environs of Bombay “ whom” or “ gooavee-luckree ” or raicoorah ” (Graham); and the
slender “ karnikara ” of Kalidasa vikram. iii. 2, spreading its brilliant blossoms around the skirts of
the mountain, and elsewhere termed a flame of the woods — (W. Jones as. res, iv. 251), may be compared:
I. parviflora was observed by Graham “ common on the Ghauts” and “ in the jungles about
Nagpore, the dak runners make torches of it ; ” by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Plindustan;
and by Mason, in Burmah.
Aganosma Roxburghii oi Tropical Hindustan. Avery ornamental climbing Apocynous shrub
called'in Sanscrit “ malati ” (Elb); in which we recognize the fresh blossom of the “ malati ” of
Kalidasa sacont. : —A. Roxburgli was observed by Rheede vii. 55 to ix. 14 in Malabar; by Graham,
only in “ gardens” in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgli ii. 11, in Eastern Hindustan.
Convolvulus (Argyreia) speciosa of Tropical Hindustan. The elephant creeper is a twining
plant called in Sanscrit “ samutra-putrum ” (Ainsl.), in Tamil “ samutra-pallum ” or “ samudra-cliedi
(J. F. Wats.) or “ shamuddirap-pachchai ” or “ kadaPpalai,” in Telinga “ samudra-pala ” or “ chandra-
poda” or “ kokkita,” in Hindustanee “ samundar” (Drur.), in the environs o f B o m b a y “ samudra
shoka ” or “ googulee ” (Graham) ; and the “ vratati ” of Kalidasa sacont., its twining stems entangling
elephants, — may be compared : A. speciosa was observed by Rheede xi. pl. 61 in Malabar; ty
Graham, “ common” in the environs of Bombay and “ at the bottom of hills In the Deccan, tie
Bentl. as. res. viii. p. 242), mentions king Prithue, and “ Siva’s bull steep to climb as mount Kailasa’s
side” (Dowlutabad).
Betula bhojputra of the mountains of Hindustan. A species of birch called in Sanscrit and
Telinga “ bhurjamu ” (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the “ bhurja” tree of Kalidasa kum. i. 7
to ragh. and vikram. ii., its bark used for epistles by maidens on the mountains : — B. bhojputra was
observed by Elliot, and Balfour, on the Northern Circars.
“ The same year” (Clavig. ii., and Humb. ii. 6), the Chdchdmdcas making their appearance on
the Mexican table-land, speaking the Toltec language.*
“ 1171 A. D.” (art de verif ), death of Adhed and end of the Fatimite dynasty : the claim of the
Egyptian sultans to spiritual authority being abandoned, and that of the Abbassid khalifs acknowledged.
Saladin now became the real ruler of Egypt; though to some extent acting under the orders
of Nooreddin of Damascus.
“ The same year” (Lubke and Lutrow), in England, a new cathedral commenced at York. — The
southern wing was finished “ in 1227 ; ” the northern cross-arm and tower, “ in 1260; ” the nave, in
1321 ; and the building completed in the “ beginning of the Fifteenth century.”
“ In or about this year” (rudim. chron. Lond.), the woollen manufacture established in England,
at Worsted and Norwich.
“ The same year” (Nicol.), a synod at Armagh. “ AU the English who were in bondage” in
Ireland, were released.
Euphorbia hyberna of Western Europe. A large-leaved species of spurge, from early times
“ used by the peasants of Kerry ” for capturing fish by iioisoning the water— (Major edit. Bethenc.
p. 131) : E. hyberna is described by Dillenius elth. pl. 290; and is known to grow on the mountains
of Southern Europe (Pers.).
“ 1172 A. D.” (Blair), invited by Dennot one of the local kings, Henry II. entered and took
possession of all Ireland : returning “ about the beginning of February.” Or (according to the London
rudimentary chronology) “ the church in Ireland first becomes subject to the Roman see.”
“ The same year” (rudim. chron. Lond,), building of Dublin castle.
“ upper side of the leaves ” according to Gibson used by the natives “ as a discutient, the under or
white side as a maturant; ” by Burmann pl. 20, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of the peninsula.
Convolvulus (Rivea) fragrans of Tropical Hindustan. The clove-scented creeper is perennial
and twining, called in the environs of Bombay “ kulmilata ” (Graham) ; and the “ camalata” of Kalidasa
sacont., — may be compared : R. fragrans was observed by Vaupell, Nimmo, and Graham, from
Guzerat to Bombay and the Concans, its flowers “ expanding at sunset and perfuming the air with
the scent of cloves,” leaves “ used as a potherb ; ” was observed by W. Jones as. res. iv. 257 as far
as Bengal.
* Guazuma ulmifolia of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of South America. A
Theobromoid tree with yellow flowers, its mucilaguious fruit eaten from early times : the “ guacuma”
— is described by Oviedo hist. gen. viii. 7; is known to grow on Martinique (Lindl.); and was
observed by A. Saint-Hilaire plant, us. pl. 14 in Brazil, its bark employed medicinally, and on account
of its abundant mucilage to clarify sugar (Lindl.). Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet
aim. pl. 77: and by European colonists was carried to Hindustan, where it is called in Telinga “ ood-
rick” (Drur.), and is now cultivated throughout, its light loose-grained wood used for furniture, and
its leaves for feeding cattle (Roxb., Royle, Wight, and Drur.), was observed by Graham “ planted”
as far as Bombay.
Plumiera rubra of Mexico and the West Indies. An Apocynous tree with large fragrant
flowers, called in Mexican “ quauhlepatlis ” (Hernand.), and known from early times: — observed
by Hernandez in Mexico ; by Catesby pl. 92, and Descourtilz, in the West Indies ; and known to
grow as far as Surinam (Ehret pl. 10, and Pers.), its milky juice according to Lindley “ excessively
corrosive.”
Plumiera alba of Mexico and the We.st Indies. Arborescent, called in Mexican “ chupirena ”
or “ quauh-tlepatli ” (Hernand ), and its delightfully fragrant flowers known from early times ; —
observed by Hernandez in Mexico ; by Plumier pl. 231, Jacquin am. pl. 174, and Descourtilz, in the
West Indies, but no Carib name given. By European colonists was carried Westward across the
Pacific to the Philippines, where it has become well known though fruit is excessively rare, is called
in Tagalo “ carachucha ” or “ calachuchi ” or “ calasasi,” and its bark used in Ylocos as cathartic and
vermifuge (I. de Mercado, and Blanco) ; to the neighbouring islands (Rumph. iv. pl. 3S) ; to Anam
(Lour.) ; to Bunnah, enumerated as “ e.xotic ” by Mason ; to Plindustan, observed by Roxburgh, and
I'orbes or. mem., by Graham as far as Bombay, but “ very rarely bears seeds perhaps from being
always propagate.d by cuttings,” by myself only around villages.
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