I r id a i !'“= I
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I I
at Verona “ fraghe de niontagna,” in other parts of Italy “ corbezzolo” or “ albatro ” or “ arbuto ”
(Lenz), in Greece “ lagomelia” or “ koumaria” or by the Turks “ chogia jemischi” (Sibth.), in which
we recognize the “ arbutum ” fruit eaten in the Golden Age — (Varrò rust. ii. i) : kSmarophagoi ”
are mentioned by ancient Greek writers ; the “ komaros” by Aristophanes av. 621, Amphis, its fruit
according to rheophrastus iii. i6 edible and called “ mèmaikulòn ; ” and “ mSmaikula” are mentioned
by Crates, Pherecrates, Eupolis, Theopompus, and Amphis: A. unedo was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, frequent from tlie Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; by
Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople, its fruit though edible employed only for feeding pheasants.
Farther South, “ mimaikula ” are enumerated in the Scylacean Periplus 108 among trees planted in the
gardens of the Hesperides (West of Cyrene and Barkè on the Tripolitan coast); and were known
to Athenaeus xiv in Egypt. Westward, the “ comaron ” of the Greeks is identified by Pliny with the
“ arbutus” or “ unedo,” bearing “ fragis ” that resemble those growing 011 the ground, a single one
sufficing; the “ arbutus” is mentioned also by Virgil, Ovid, and Columella; A. unedo is termed “ a.
folio serrato ’ by Tournefort inst. 598 ; is known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe
and after a wide interval in Ireland (Pers., and A. Dec.). According to Lindley, “ wine is made from
the fruit in Corsica, but it is reported to be narcotic, if taken in quantity.” (See Ficus vasta).
A r iu tiis an,/radine oi the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agriòkóumaria ”
(Sibth.), and the fruit possibly eaten during the Golden Age : — the “ anthrahlg ” is described by Theophrastus
iii. 16 as resembling in leaf and fruit the “ kómarò ” but a smaller tree, its bark smooth and
peeling o f f i the “ kòmaròs ” of Dioscorides having fruit as large as a plum “ kókkomelòu ” and disagreeing
with the stomach when eaten, causing headache, is referred by Sibthorp to A. andrachne •
the “ adrachiie ” of the Greeks according to Pliny xiii. 40 and xvi. 33 is a tree growing not in th i
open country but in the forest and resembling the “ unedo,” its leaves evergreen and smaller, he also
infers, xv. 28 from the two names “ comaron ” and “ memecylon ” that there are two species : A.
andrachne is termed “ a. folio non serrato ” by Bauhin, and Tournefort cor. 41 (Pers ) ; was observed
by Sibthorp. and Chaubard, a fine tree on mountains from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek
islands to Cyprus and Smyrna.
Sorbiis domestUa of tlie Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens service tree from
the Latin “ cerevisia,” but in former times sorb (Prior), in Germany “ speierbaum ” (Grieb), in Italy
“ sorbo ” and its fruit “ sorba ” (Lenz), in Greece “ sourmpa ” or “ skaroupa ” (Sibth.), and probablv
included among the “ poma ” berried fruits eaten during the Golden A ge : — the “ 5iia ” of Hippo'-
crates vict. acut. 405, Dioscorides, and Galen, or “ oue émèrè ” and “ agria ” wild and cultivated of
Theophrastus ii. 12, is referred here by writers : S. domestica was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas
wild on mountains from the Peloponnesus and Greek islands to Athos, and Haimus ; by Forskal, in’
the gardens of Constantinople, the fruit not ripening on the trees but gathered and protected b’y a
covering of garments. Westward, the “ sorbus ” according to Mago should be planted in moist cool
places (Plin. xvii. u ) ; is mentioned also by Cato, Varrò, Celsus, Columella, Martial, Apicius, and
the kind with pear-shaped fruit “ turbinatio piri ” by Pliny xv. 23 ; perry or fermented cider “ fermento
atque acidis iniitantur vitea sorbis ” by Virgil geor. iii. 380 : “ cerevisia ” was known to Pliny xxii. 82
as a fermented drink used in Gaul and other provinces, is mentioned also by Isidorus : S. domestica
is termed “ s. sativa ” by Tournefort inst. 633 ; is known to grow wild in Italy (Lenz) and other parts
of Southern Europe (All., Jacq, austr. pl. 447, and Pers.) ; and according to Evelyn sylv. 15 “ beer
brewed with these berries, being ripe, is an incomparable drink.”
The title “ ra * * * ” xif a king of the Sixteenth dynasty not recognized on contemporaneous
monuments, — is next in order of succession in the chamber of kinro at
Karnak. *
Seventy-ninth generation. May ist, 1667, mostly beyond youth :
“ ¡666 B. C. = 1st year of Siao-kia, of the Chan g” or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese
chron. table). ,
1663 B. C. ( = i 6 f3 y. 2 mo. -(- “ 49 y. 2 mo.” of Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 14), accession of the
Hyksos king Assis.
“ 1649 B. C = 1st year of Young-ki, of the Chang ” or Fourth dynasty— (Chinese chron. table).
1644 B. C. (= 1609 - f “ 35 y e a r s ” of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Belochus as
Assyrian emperor.
1640 B. C. ( = 991 “ 105 -(- 162 -f- 382 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, compare 1071 -J-
“ about 570 years ” of Clint, i. p. 19), Inachus : the earliest name (according to Ocellus and others)
known to the Greeks.
“ 1637 B. C. = 1st year of Tai-wou, of the C h an g” or Fourth dynasty— (Chinese chron. table).
1635 B. C. “ 3d year of Tai-wou ” (Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. 67), arrival at the court of Tai-
wou of ambassadors from “ seventy-six foreign kingdoms : ” interpreters were also present, to translate
what was said into Chinese.
Eightieth generation. Sept. 1st, 1634, mostly beyond youth : Nahor the younger (Gen. xi. 26 to
29, xxii. 20, and xxiv, 15), Seir the Plorite (Gen. xxxvi. 20 and r Chron. i. 38).
1628 B. C. ( = 1613 y. 2 mo. “ 14 yrs ” of the Armenian Euseb.-Maneth. table),
I accession of the Hyksos king Aphophis. The name and title of the Hyksos king
Apepi occurs on the monuments — (Leps. k. pl. 15).
1624 B. C. ( = 1694— “ 70 y e a r s ” of Gen. xi. 26), Terah “ seventy y e a r s ” old.
After the death of his son Haran, “ Terah took Abram his son, and Lot the son of
Haran,” and “ Sarai his daughter in law, his son Abram’s wife,” and they went forth “ from Ur of
the Chaldees,” and “ came unto Haran and dwelt there ” (Gen. xi. 27 to 31, and Josh. xxiv. 2).
Ra-sekenen Taakan ruling Upper Egypt and warring against the Hyksos king Ra-
1 apepi — (pap. Brit. mus.). Ra-sekenen was buried at Drab Abu-el-Neggah in the
Assasif at Thebes, but his tomb has not yet been discovered (Birch). His name occurs
I in a tomb at El-Kab (observed by myself); also in the chamber of kings at Karnak,
. and the series at Der-el-Medinet.
El-Kab or Eileithya, unlike the other Egyptian cities being walled, has evidently been held by
an armed force ; and the power of the Hyksos may thus have been prevented from extending farther
up the river.
“ 1617 B. C. = 2is t year of Tai-wou ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Eighteenth cycle.
“ In the reign of Tai-wou ” (Pauth. 68), death of Ou-hien, author of a “ Catalogue o f the stars : ”
— quoted by Chinese astronomers of after times.
1614 B. C. ( = 1574 y. 10 mo. “ 13 -|- 25 y. 4 mo.” of Manetho in Jos. c, A. = 2015 — “ 402d
year of the Assyrian empire” in Clem. Alex., the “ 32d year of the eighth Assyrian king Belochus”
of Clem. Alex, in Euseb. priep. x. p. 497 g iv in g— 16 4 4 = 1613), at the end of “ five hundred and
eleven years ” and after protracted war, the Hyksos excluded from the greater part of Egypt, as far
as the before-mentioned stronghold of Auaris on the Northeastern frontier. The event is referred to
“ the reign of Inachus at Argos and of Amosis in E g y p t ” (by Ptolemaeus of Mendes as quoted by
Apion, Just. Mart., Tatian, and Clem. Alex. ; though confounded by him, Josephus, and others, with
the Jewish Exodus. Compare Gen. xii. 6).
End of the Turin papyrus: some two hundred and fifty successive kings being enumerated ; of
whom the last “ sixty-five ” have been referred to the Hyksos period. — The papyrus was composed
under the “ Nineteenth or Twentieth ” dynasty (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 395, and C. Muller fr. Man. p.
563). Traditionary reminiscences of the Hyksos, are found in Gen. xlvi. and xlvii., and Herodot.'
I
V. TH E PH A R A O H S .
The Egyptian king who recovered his authority, is in the Maneth. tables called
I Am6s or Amdsis. A portrait of king Aahmas occurs on a stela (now in the museum
at Marseilles): and his name — is at the head of a new dynasty on the tablet at A b y dos,
and in the series of kings at Gurna.
^ The name of king Aahmas occurs also at El Kab, in the above-mentioned tomb of
an officer bearing the same name ; who witnessed the capture of Auaris, and whose father served
under Ra-sekenen.
A striking change now takes place in Egyptian monumental history : temples are again erected,
Aahmas repairing that at Karnak — (Birch); figures of gods are no longer rare, but all sculptured
walls teem with manifestations of Polytheism; while military campaigns cease to be conducted on foot:
The same tomb at El Kab contains figures of foreigners of the White Race in servitude, and of
the /itfiWii — (Leps. d. iii. pl. 10 and 12); the domesticated animal brought from perhaps Tartary : with
this acquisition, the Egyptians soon became a warlike conquering people, amply illustrating on their
monuments the so-called Heroic Age ; figures of the horse or accompaniments being very generally
present during this epoch. Joseph in Egypt rode in a chariot (Gen. xii. 43); the Egyptians in chariots
pursued the Israelites (Ex. xiv. 9); the war horse is described in Job xxxix. 19 to 25 ; and horses
and chariots at the siege of Troy, are a constant theme with Homer. The horse bones among remains
of Swiss villages of the Stone Age (Heer and Troyon p. 273) may have been of the animal in
its wild state ; “ ippous agrious ” among the Alps, are mentioned by Polybius (Strab. iv. 6. 10); and
“ equorum greges ferorum ” herds of wild horses in the days of Pliny viii. 16 inhabited the North
“ septemtrio” (meaning perhaps the plains of central and Eastern Europe). Farther East, the horse
seems known in China earlier than in Egypt, its sign occurring in the primitive characters of Chinese
writing (Pauth. p. 84): a dwarf breed, long introduced throughout the Malayan archipelago, was
observed by myself on Luzon ; in Hindustan, figures of horses and horsemen were observed by myself
in the Budhist cave-temples at Adjunta, and the horse is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl.