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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ keriököusia ” or “ sôuthëmmôur ” or “ iovis kaulis ” of the
Romans; is called “ stergethron ” according to Pliny xxv. 102 because “ amatoriis conveniat,” and
“ hypogeson” from growing “ in subgrundiis fe r e ” almost in the eaves, is further identified with
the “ sedum magnum” or “ oculum” or “ digitellum ” of the Italians : S. arboreum is described by
Anguillara 276 (Sp ren g .); is termed “ sedum majus arborescens ” by Tournefort inst. 262 ; and is
known to grow in Barbary and Portugal (Pers.).
Cachrys loevigata -of the West Mediterranean countries. A fennel-like plant called in France
smooth-fruited “ armarinte” (Fée), by the prophets “ thumarnôliôn,” in Egyptian “ sampsös ” (Syn.
D ios c.); not observed by modern travellers in Greece, but the IPPOMAPA©PON prescribed
in Nat. mul. 572, — I Morb. mul. 73, Steril. 13, Micton, Nicander, Petrichus, ferulaceous and having
a furrowed stem according to Theophrastus vi. i. 4, identified by Dioscorides with “ marathrön
a griöu ” having a fragrant root and “ kahrui’’-like seed, and according to Galen fac. simpl. vii. p. 68
taller than the “ marathrön,” is referred here by Anguillara, and Honorius Bellus (Spreng.). Westward,
the “ ippömarathrön ” or “ marathis ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ sistramëôr ” of the Gauls,
and “ mëôura” or “ phainikouloum ërratikôum” or “ ph. ëkôuinôum” of the Romans; is mentioned
by Strabo xvii. p. 645 as growing in Mauritania; by Pliny xx. 96 as a “ silvestre” kind of “ foeniculum
” by some called “ myrsineuni,” growing in warm stony places : C. lævigata is described by
Anguillara p. 124, and Morison umb. 63. pi. 3 ; was observed by Allioni in Southern France, by
Desfontaines i. p. 250 in Algeria ; is known to grow also in Italy and Spain (Pers,).
Pmcedaniim officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sulphur-
•wort or hog's fen n e l (Prior), in Germany “ haarstrang,” in Italy “ finoccliio porcino” or “ peucédano”
(Lenz), by the prophets “ agathos thaimön” or “ pinasgëlôum ” (Syn. Diosc.); in which we recognize
the pEYKEAANON of Nat. mul. 29, — Superfoet. 19, 2 Morb. mul. 81, Theophrastus ix.
14. I to 20. 2, Nicander ther. 76, having according to Dioscorides a fennel-like stem, flowers yellow,
and root full of juice: P. officinale was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the'Peloponnesus ;
and is known to grow in Siberia (Gmel. i. pl. 41). Westward, the “ pëukëthanôs ” is identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ satariam ” of the Romans: the “ peucedanum” and its medicinal uses are
mentioned by Pliny: P. officinale is described by Gerarde p. 1053, and Bauhin hist. iii. p. 376: is
termed “ p. germanicum ” by Tournefort inst. 318; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near
Marseilles; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 1767,
Steud., and Lindi.). The inspissated “ juice of the ro ot” according to Lindley “ is reputed antispasmodic
and diuretic.”
Crithmum maritimum of the sea-cliffs along the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Britain.
Called in Britain samphire, in old English “ sampire” or “ sampler,” in France “ Saint Pierre,”
in Italy “ herba di San P ie tro ” or “ sampetra ” from the fisherman saint (Prior) or “ finocchio
marino'” (Lenz), in Greece “ almura” (Fraas) or “ krëtamôn”- (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the
K PH0 MON of Nat. mul. 20, — Morb. mul., and the “ krithmon” or “ kritamon ” growing
according to Dioscorides in rocky maritime situations, white-flowered, and eaten either crude or
cooked : C. maritimum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, along the seashore
from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the “ crethmo” commended by Hippocrates
is enumerated as esculent by Pliny xxvi. 50 and 90 : C. maritimum is described by Panduif. Col-
lenuccius, and Brunfels !. p. 187 (Spreng.); is termed “ c. sive foeniculum maritimum minus” by
Tournefort inst. 317; was observed by Forskal on Malta and near Marseilles, by Lenz in Italy;
and is known to grow along the Atlantic seashore as far as Britain (Shakspeare, and Pers.).
Echinophora spinosa of the Mediterranean seashore. A prjckly Umbelliferous plant: the
T P IBOAON ; P A P A0 A A A S 10 N prescribed in Nat. mul. p. 552, — and i Morb. mul. 106, is referred
here by Dalechamp 1367 (Spreng.) : E. spinosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna. Westward, is termed “ e. maritima spinosa” by Tournefort
inst. 6 5 6 ;'has been found in some instances beyond the Straits along the Atlantic seashore (Cav.
ii. pl. 127, and Pers.), but is not known to be employed medicinally.
Anthemis rosea of the East Mediterranean countries. A purple-flowered may-weed or “ may-
denwede” called on Cyprus “ papoun!” (from the Arabic name of camomile “ babunaj” ) ; in which
we recognize the “ anthémis pôrphuranthës ” identified through Dioscorides with the HPAN0 EMON
prescribed in Nat. mul. 5 7 0 :— the account of the “ eranthemum” by Pliny xxii. 26 seems taken
from Dioscorides, but the “ chamaemelum purpureum” is mentioned by Nicolaus Myrepsus i. 44 p.
42 (Spreng.) : A . rosea is described by Sibthorp, and was observed by him frequent on the dry hills
of Cyprus.
Anthemis chia of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called on Cyprus “ papouni” (Sibth.),
but in Attica “ armëgka” (Fraas); in which we recognize the AN0 EMON: XAÍ2 P 0 N that
maybe substituted according to Nat. mul. 5 7 0 :— the “ anthëmôn” is described by Theophrastus
vii. 14. 2 as flowering from above downwards, the flowers white around with the centre “ hlörön”
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
greenish-yellow; the “ anthëmis” is celebrated by Asclepiades (P lin .) ; the “ anthëmis lëukanthë-
mön ” is one of the three kinds enumerated by Dioscorides, collected in the Spring; and the account
of the “ leucanthemum” or “ leucanthemida ” by Pliny xxii. 26 seems taken from the Greek: A. Chia
is termed “ chamæmelum chium vernum folio crassiore flore magno” by Tournefort cor. 37 ; was
observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from Attica throughout the Greek islands to Cyprus,
flowering at the opening of Spring; by Gussone, frequent also at the Southern extreme of Italy
(A. De c.).
Anthemis discoidea of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly included in the “ anthëmôn
hlörön” of Nat. mul. 570: — the “ anthëmôn aphullanthës ” is enumerated by Theophrastus vii. 8. 3
as having radical leaves; and the third or “ hrusanthëmôn” kind with flowers entirely yellow according
to Dioscorides is like the preceding more powerfully diuretic than the purple-flowered kind:
A . discoidea having the lower leaves pinnate was observed by Forskal 356 in the environs of Constantinople
(Steud.), and by Sibthorp on mount Parnassus; is termed “ chamaemelum discoideum”
by Allioni 68t, and is known to grow as far as Italy (Pers.). “ A. monantha” or “ coarctata,” developing
short yellow rays, known to grow in Tauria (Pers., and Bieb.), and observed by Sibthorp
near Smyrna, is regarded by him as probably not distinct.
Matricaria suaveolens of the Mediterranean countries. A fragrant kind of may-weed; and tlie
“ hamaimëlôn,” named according to Syn. Diosc. iii. 144 from its apple or quince-like odour, and
identified by Galen with the EYAN0 EMON of Nat. mul. — and i Morb. mul. to6: M. suaveolens
was observed by Bory in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the “ hamaimëlôn” or “ mëlanthëmôn ” is
further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ astertiphë ” apple herb of the Numidians, and “ malioum ”
of the Romans: M. suaveolens is described by Linnæus; is known to grow in Western Europe
(Pers.), its calyx-scales pointed, and flowers according to Smith half as large as in M. chamomilla,
but is regarded by Chaubard, as perhaps not distinct.
Matricaria chamomilla of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A fetid kind of may-weed
called in Britain maghet (Prior), in Germany “ chamille,” in Italy “ camamilla” or “ camomilla ”
(Lenz), in Greece “ hamômêlëa” (Fraas) or “ hamômëla” (Sibth.); and possibly the “ ëuanthëmôn ”
in question, — clearly the “ hamaimëlôn” identified through Syn. Diosc. with the “ parthëniôn
mikröplnillön ” of Ulc. 10, or the Hippocratic “ parthëniôn” identified b yG a lenw ith the “ amarak
o n ” or “ anthëmis :” the “ parthëniôn” is described by Dioscorides as having a rankish odour
and bitter taste, slender coriander-like leaves, flowers wliite with the centre yellow, and a decoction
employed against inflammations of the matrix: M. chamomilla was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp,
and Fraas, abounding from the Peloponnesus to the Dardanelles; by Hasselquist, in Palestine;
and by Delile, near Rosetta on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the “ parthëniôn”
or “ amarakon” or “ anthëmis ” or “ lëukanthëmôn ” or “ hrusökalis” or “ mëlavathrôn ” or “ anthos
pëthinôn” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ thamakth ” of the Numidians, “ kautan ”
of the Tuscans, and “ millëphôliôum ” or “ sölis ököulöum ” of the Romans ; and the “ parthenium ”
or “ amnacum” or “ leiicanthes ” is described by Pliny xxi. 104 as growing in garden hedges: M.
chamomilla is described by Lobel obs. 455 ; is termed “ chamæmelum vulgare leucanthemum Dioscoridis
” by Tournefort inst. 494; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur
along roadsides and in waste and cultivated ground as far as Denmark (fl. Dan., Lam. fl. fr., and
Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Soutlieast Australia, where it has become naturalized,
spreading far inland (Corder, and A. Dec.). “ M. suaveolens” of Pallas is enumerated by Steudel
as not distinct. (See Pyrethrum parthenium).
Carthamus Creticus of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle-like plant; and the KNI
KON prescribed in Nat. mul. 29, — 3 Morb. 31, Popular, vii. 39, drink from by Hippocrates vict.
acut. 30, and enumerated as esculent and laxative by Polemon diæt. ii. 27, m a ybe compared: the
“ knëkôs ” is mentioned by Anaxandrides (Athen.) ; by Theophrastus i. 13. 3 to vi. 4. 5 and caus. v.
18. 4 as thorny-leaved and single-stemmed, its seeds stony and having pappus “ pôgônôspërmata,”
and is termed “ ëmërôs ; ” the “ k n ik o s ” by Dioscorides as two cubits high with a flower “ krökö
ömöiön ” which is eaten, and the juice of the seeds laxative and mixed in cakes : C. Creticus is
termed “ atractylis flore citrino ” by Vaillant; and was received by Linnæus sp. pl. (not syst. nat.)
from Crete (J. E. Smith in Sibth. fi. gr. ii. 161).
Thymus incanus of tlie East Mediterranean countries. A hoary species of thyme called in
Greece “ asprôvalsamô ” (Fraa s); and the EAENION prescribed in Nat. mul. 572, — coronary
according to Theophrastus vi. i. i to 7. 4, fragrant in all its parts, shrubby and small-leaved with a
superficial multifid root, mentioned also by Nicander fr., named from Helen according to Pliny xxi.
33 and growing of the best quality on Helena Island (near the shore of Attica), is referred here by
Fraas: T. incanus is termed “ calamintha orientalis annua ocymi folio flore minimo ” by Tournefort
cor. 12; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and
Attica throughout the Greek islands. (See Lithospermum callosum.)
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