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1018 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Orc/iis pallens of middle and Eastern Europe. Observed by Haller 1281 pl. 30 in Switzerland,—
by Decandolle in France, by Jacquin pl. 45 in Austria, and by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus.
Spiranthes aestivalis of Europe ? Observed by Haller in Switzerland, — and known to grow in
wet meads throughout middle Europe (Dec. fl. fr., and Pers.) ; observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus.
Possibly by European coionists transported from one continent to the other, observed by
Michaux in Northeast America, by Oakes in Western New England, by Torrey in Northern New
York, and according to A. Gray is “ not rare.”
About this time (Spreng. and Winckl.), John Mitchell of Virginià describing new genera of plants
in the Act. nat. cur. viii. app. 187, including “ malachodendron ” 16 Stewartia pentagyna (Willd.).
“ 1743 A. D .” (encycl. method., and Holmes), discovery of the water-communication between
the Upper Orinoco and the Amazon rivers.
“ In this y e a r ” (Linn. sp. pl., and Winckl.), Golden in New York State, meeting with Uvnlaria
sessilifolia, Gentiana crinita fl. noveb. n. 50 (Willd.). The plants sent to Linnæus were published
in Act. Ups. from this y e a r— to “ 1750,” and the Flor. noveb. remains unpublished in the Banksian
library.
“ In this y e a r ” (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Pococke publishing an account of his travels in the
Ea s t; — the second volume in “ 1745.”
Colutea Pococfiii of the East Mediterranean countries. A flowering shrub — described by Miller
pl. 100, termed “ c. haleppica” by Lamarck, and brought from the vicinity of Aleppo: observed by
Decaisne on mount Sinai, and known to grow abundantly on the mountains of Abyssinia (A. Dec.).
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng., and Winckl.), Krascheninikow returning from Siberia with Gmelin,
having met with Lilium Kamtchaiicum, Spiraea Kamtchatica, Rhododeniirou Kamtchaticuni, A ly s sum
hyperborenm (from Northwest America, Act. petrop. 1747, and Linn. sp. pl.). — He died “ in
1754,” his account of Kamtchatka and the Kurile Islancls was published in Russian “ in 1755,” and
an English translation “ in 1764.”
In this year (introd.), Loureiro, by his own account, arriving in Anam or Cochinchina, — where
he remained “ thirty-six” years, and in “ 1779” reached Canton in China. After “ three years,” he
sailed for home, stopping on the way “ three months ” at Mozambique. His Flor. Coch. was completed
in “ T788” (ded.), and was published at Lisbon in “ 1790.”
Calamus scipionum of Sumatra. Described by Loureiro, and furnishing the walking-sticks of
great strength called Malacca canes : — these though exported from Malacca, are according to Griffith
brought from Siak on the opposite Sumatran coa.st (Royle, and Drur.).
“ 1744 A. D. = gth year of Kien-loung” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Seventy-fourth
cycle.
“ March 29th” (Hutch, ii. 4, and Plolmes), war declared by Britain against France and Spain.
Before the news reached Boston, Canso was captured by the French governor of Cape Breton, and
No-va Scotia endangered.
“ In this y e a r ” (Ph. 323), Linnæus publishing descriptions of plants in Act. upsal.
“ The same y e a r ” (Spreng.), Charlevoix publishing his history of the French colonies in North
America. — He died “ in 1761.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng., and Humb. cosm. v.), Condamine from Quito proceeding clown the
Amazon and reaching Cayenne. — He published an account of his travels “ in 1745 ” (Winckl.).
Hevea Guianensis of Eastern Equatorial America. A forest tree, with milky sap condensing
into caoutchouc or india-rubber ; observed by Condamine on the Lower Amazon — (Winckler), and
by Aublet ii. pl. 3315 in Guayana : the product has become a well known article of commerce, exported
in the form of bottles (Lindl.) and articles not solid. By European colonists, the tree was carried to
the West Indies (Desc.) ; and from transported specimens is termed “ poa seringa” in act. par. 1751
pl. 20, “ jatropha elastica” by Linnæus the younger siippl. 422, “ siphonia calnichu” by Willdenow
iv. 567, “ s. elastica” by Persoon.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), Bergen publishing his Plort. med. viadrin. — He died “ in 1759.”
Phaseolus Innatiis of Hindustan. Termed “ p. benghalensis scandens siliqna acinaciforini setnine
ovato compresso striato” by Bergen 99 — (Linn. sp. pl.) ; described also by Plouttuyn viii. pl. 63. f. i
(Pers ); observed by Wight 749 in peninsular Plindustan, by Lusli at Dapooree near Bombay (Graham).
Westward, is known to occur in Senegal and Guinea (R. Brown cong. p. 59, fi. Nigr., and A. Dec.).
Farther West, in Guayana, the West Indies, and Mexico (Dec. prodr.) ; cultivated by the colonists
of Northeast America under the name of Lima bean, but so far as Brackenridge and myself could
ascertain, seems unknown in Peru: its pods according to Darlington are not eaten.
“ In this y e a r ” (Linn, fl, siiec.), J. Leche publishing his Floræ Scanicæ primitiæ.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng ), John Wilson publishing his Synopsis of lirilish plants. •
“ 1745, June i6th ” (univ. hist. xii. 33, and Plolmes), capture of Louisbourg and the island of Cape
Breton by an expedition chiefly fitted out by the colonists of New England.
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
“ The same y e a r ” (Hewet ii. 138 and 191, Drayton 127, and Holmes), the cultivation of indigo
introduced from the French West Indies into South Carolina.— Where, aided after three years by a
bounty from the British government, the product increased to “ two hundred and sixteen thousand
nine hundred and twenty-four pounds” for 1754. At a later period the cultivation declined, and at
length was abandoned ; though (according to Chapman) both /. tinctoria and /. anil continue to »row
as weeds in waste places. “
Leucas Martinicensis of Tropical Asia and Africa. By European colonists, carried to the West
Indies as early at least as this year : — observed there by Jacquin amer., and Swartz prodr. 88 ; and
rtow n to occur also in Brazil (Benth.). Eastward, is frequent and to all appearance indigenous in
Equatorial Africa (A. Dec.) ; was received by Bentham from peninsular Plindustan; and is enumerated
by Mason among the indigenous plants of Burmah.
“ 1 he same year ” (Nicol.), Charles V I I . succeeded by a daughter of Charles V L , Maria Teresa •
becoming with Francis joint rulers over Germany and Italy. ’
“ The same y e a r ” (Spreng.), arrival of Ternstrdm at Pulo Condor: where he died before the end
of the year.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), publication of the Roman, agri of Sabbati.
to'® y e a r ” (append. Sibth., and Spreng.), Seguier publishing his Plant. Veron., — completed
in 1754.
“ In this y e a r ” (Linn. sp. ph), Le Monier publishing his Cat. plant, alvern. — He died “ in
1799-
In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Linnæus publishing his Oelanska, and Flor. suec., enumeratin»* Draba
nemorosa, Artemisia rupest is, Lathyrus heterophyllus, Carex loliacea ii. n. 840.
“ 1746, Oct. 28th ” (univ. hist, xxxix. 178, encycl. method., biblioth. Amer. 129, and Holmes) the
great earthquake desolating Lima. Its seaport Callao was overwhelmed by an ocean wave, and of
three thousand” inhabitants, only one person escaped. In all “ twelve thousand ” persons perished ■
and the concussions continued, with short intervals, four months ” — I found the two monuments in
the form of a cross and without inscriptions : one, behind rebuilt Callao and half a mile inland said to
mark the spot to which a Spanish frigate was carried ; and the other, half way to Lima, said to mark
the limit of the inundation.
_ “ 1747 A. D .” (Pauth. 452), five Spanish Dominican missionaries detected in the province of Foukian,
TOndemned to be beheaded, and the sentence approved by the emperor Kien-loung.
“ In this y e a r ” (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Linnæus publishing his Wastgotha res., and Flor
Zeylan. » > •
“ iu fr®"' ” Jussieu travelling on the Upper La Plata. — He reached Lima
1 frj® ""to® y®""” (Spreng,), the Swedish traveller Kalm arriving in the Delaware, meeting with
here and on his journey to Canada Vaccinium Canadense, Sabbatia gracilis, S. angularis. Viburnum
lentago, Rubus hiipidus, Digitaria filiformis, Panicum clandestinum, Bromus ciliatus, B . Kalmii,
Phlox ma.culata n. 222, Halenia deflexa, Gentiana quinqueflora, Trientalis Americana i, 138, Betula
pumila 1. 138, Cinna arundinacea, Prinos glaber, Vaccinium ligustrinum, Polygonella articúlala
Dalioarda repens, Nuphar Kalmianum, Galium trifidum, Hypericum Kaltnianum,\ Hieracium Paniculatum,
Erigeron Philadelphicum, Senecio Canadensis, Aster laevis, Viola Canadensis, Carex squar-
^ * Tillcea aquatica of Northern Europe. A diminutive annual observed by Linnæus in Sweden
in depressed situations subject to inundation ; - known to grow also in Norway, and as far as Germani
(Pers., and Dec.) ; and Westward, oliserved by Hooker on Iceland.
t Hypericum Canadense of Northeast America. Observed by Kalm in Canada — (Linn sp pl ) ■
by Michaux, from Hudson’s Bay to Pennsylvania and on the Alleghanies of Carolina; by Oakes and
myself, frequent around the base of the White mountains, stem slightly geniculate at base with narrow-
elhptic leaves, growing on the upland, taller and more obtrusive than the usual form, and seems peren-
ni"l. : receiv rt by Hooker from Newfoundland, Canada, and as far as Lake Winnipeg; observed by
1 ursh from Canada to Carolina; by Elliot in South Carolina; by Nuttall on the Arkansas - and
according to Decandolle grows as far as Mexico. The smaller form observed by myself from 44° to
40° along the Atlantic.
Polygonum Pennsylvanicum of Northeast America. Observed by Kalm in Pennsylvania —
Q.mn. sp. pi.) ; by mysell. from 43° along the Atlantic, larger and the flowers more showy than in
i . persicaria, but occurring in the same situations and hardly having an indigenous as'pect • bv
A. Gray, in “ moist soil in open waste places, common;” by .Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania ’ and
received from Illinois ; by Beck, on the Mississijrpi at St. Louis ; by Elliot, in South Carolina • bv
Chapman, in “ wet places, Georgia.” ’ ^
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