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364 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
and naturalized throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., Wats., and A. Dec.). By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where according to A. Gray it has “ sparingly
escaped from gardens ; ” to the island of Juan Fernandez, observed by Bertero abundantly naturalized.
The plant according to Lindley is “ aromatic and slightly bitter,” and is used “ in the form of tea as
a grateful fever drink.”
Mdissa altissima, irequent in the lower country as far as Crete, and regarded by Fraas and
others as distinct from the preceding ; is admitted to be included in the accounts of the “ mëlissô-
phullon ” by Greek writers.
Salvia sylvestris of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The C' tAKEAOC
herb of Theophrastus, its leaf “ squalens ” — (Dod. pempt. "ii. 4. 23), maybe compared; S. sylves-
fris IS termed “ sclarea folio salviæ major vel maculata ” by Tournefort inst. 179; S. sylvestris is
known to grow m Bohemia (Crantz, Jacq. austr. pl. 212, and P.ers.) ; was observed by Scopoli ed. 2.
n. 32 m Carniolia; and by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople.
_ Teucrium ckamoedrys of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain germander
m I-rance “ gamandrée” (Prior), in Greece “ hamaithrua” (Sib th.); in which we recognize thè
XAMAIAPYC used medicinally according to Theophrastus ix. 9. 5 ,— growing according to Dioscondes
m rough stony places and having small purplish flowers: T. cliamædrys was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, in dry stony places from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands • and
dned “ chamædrys ” is enumerated by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., as used medicinally in E + p t
Westward, the “ hamaithrus” by some called “ tëukriôn ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ trip-
sago minor” of the Romans : the “ trixago ” or “ irisago ” is mentioned by Celsus, Scribonius Larros
and IS identified by Pliny xxiv. 80 with the “ chamaeropem ” or “ chamaedrys, but his account selms’
chiefly taken from Dioscorides: T . chamædrys is described by Fuclisius, Tragus, Matthioli Lobel
and Dodoens ; is termed “ chamædrys major et minor repens ” by Tournefort inst. 204 “ t. offi’cinale ”
by Lamarck fl. fr. ; is known to grow tliroughout middle Europe as far as Normancll (Pers. and A
Dec.) ; but in Britain in the days of Ray occurred only on the walls of a castle, and is re Jrdecl bv
Watson as exotic and hardly naturalized.
Teucrium flavum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy “ teucrio ”
(Targ.), in Greece “ hamaithrua” (Sibth.), and possibly included in the “ hamaithrus” of Theophrastus
: — the “ hamaithrun” identified in Syn. Diosc. iii. lot with the “ tëukriôn” of Dioscorides
abounding in Cilicia, is referred here by writers: T. flavum was observed by Sibthorp. Chaubard and
I raas, frequent from Crete and the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward the
account by Pliny xxv. 20 of the “ teucrion ” having “ ramis hyssopi ” seems in part taken from Dioscorides
; T. flavum is described by Fuchsius, Matthioli, Anguillara, Dodoens, and Clusius- is
termed “ chamædrys frutescens teucrium vulgo” by Tournefort inst. 205 ; and is known to g r o i in
Italy and as far as middle Europe (Pers., and Lenz).
Teucrium lucidum, termed “ chamædrys alpina frutescens folio splendente” by Tournefort inst
205, observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Cyprus to the Peloponnesus, and known to
grow in Italy (Pers., and Lenz), is regarded by Chaubard as not distinct.
Origanum Sipy/eum of the East Mediterranean countries. The MAPON perfume lastin»- two
years according to Theophrastus odor. 34, — seems the product of the ‘Jmarón” of Dioscoiides
growing mostly about Magnesia and Tralles and having odorous flowers resembling those of “ oril
ganó,” its medicinal properties as in “ si.sumvriö,” and referred here by Sibthorp,"and Fraa.s : the
“ maron ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ origanitha ” or “ isôvruôn ; ” anci Lydian “ marón ” is
mentioned by Pliny xii. 53: 0 . Sipyleum is described by Morison iii. pl. 4; is termed “ o montis
Sipyli ” by 1 ournefort mst. 199; was observed by Sibthorp near Smyrna and on mount Sipylo in
Phrygia, but m Greece confined to the Euboean Delphi, a fact confirmed by Fraas. (See Teucrium
marum).
Origanum maru of Crete and Cyzicus. Th eOPI TANOYiMEAAlNA: AKAPHOCo f Theophrastus
V I . 2. 3 — I S referred conjecturally by Sprengel to the variety becoming seedless under cultivation
: O. maru is termed “ maru creticum” by Alpinus exot. pl. 288, “ majorana cretica rotundifolia
lavandulæ odore capitulis minoribus incanis flore purpurascente ” by Tonrnefort cor. 13 ; was observed
by Sibthorp on the mountains of Crete; is known to grow wild also on Cyzicus (Spreng) Wes tward,
the “ amaracum mollem ” of Virgil aen. i. 698 is referred here I,y Sprengel : “ O. raajoranoides ”
perennial and well known in European gardens (Pers.), is regarded as not distinct.
Daphne jasminea of the East Mediterranean countries. The KNEQPOC - AEYKOC of Theophrastus
vi. 2. 2, fragrant and more depressed with oblong coriaceous leaves resembling ll ose of
the olive, and flowering after the autumnal equinox, — may be compared: the “ cneori candidi ” is
further mentioned as coronary by Pliny xxi. 30 : D jasminea, said to be fragrant, was observed by
Sibthorp, and I raas, on the subalpine portion of the mountains of Southern Greece. “ D oleoide.s ”
described by Alpinus exot. pi. 43, termed “ thymelæa cretica oleæ folio utrinque glabro ” by TouriJfort
cor. 41, observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the subalpine portion of mountains from Crete to the
Peloponnesus and Bithynian Olympus, known to grow also on Caucasus (Pall.), and Westward on the
mountains of Corsica and Sardinia (Spreng.), is regarded by Fraas as not distinct. (See D. sericea.)
Daphne tartonraii a of the Mediterranean countries. The KNEQPOC: MEAACo f Theophrastus
i. 10. 4 to vi. 2. 2, scenliess, having fleshy leaves like tamarisk cypress and M H A E A quince, and
flowering after the autumnal equinox, — may be compared : the “ cneori nigri ” is also enumerated as
coronary by Pliny xxi. 30; D. tartonraira was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus
to the Black Sea, flowering according to Fraas at the time of autumnal equinox. Westward,
is described by Dalechamp p. 1669 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ tarton-raire galloprovinciæ monspelien-
s ium ” by Lobel pl. 371, “ thymelæa foliis candicantibus serici instar moflibus ” by Tournefort inst.
595 ; is known to grow in Italy and Southern France (All. Lam. fl. fr., Pers,, and Lenz), where according
to Smith fl. gr. pl. 354 it is much used medicinally.
Passerina dioica of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ ëmëro thërokallo ” (Sibth.) ;
in which we recognize the HM E P O K A A A E C enumerated by Theophrastus vi. i. i to 6. 11 among ^
small-leaved woody plants, cultivated and coronary : — P. dioica was observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus and Attica, furnishing a yellow dye. Westward,
is termed “ daphne dioica ” in Linn, suppl. 223, “ thymelaea dioica ” by Allioni ; and is known to grow
on the Pyrenees (Lapeyr., and Pers.).
Plantago {Psyllium') cyiiops of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia, The KYNQf lOC
springing up with the first showers after the equinox, or AX Y N Q'P having a spike, of Theophrastus
vii. 7. 3 to I I . I , — is referred here by Linnæus : P. cynops, distinguished by its round leafy bracts,
was observed by Sibthorp in Bitliynia. Westward, the “ cynops” having a spike, is enumerated by
Pliny xxi. 61 as distinct from the “ cynoides ” or “ psyllion : ” P. cynops is described by Bauhin hist,
iii. 513 (J. E. Smith) ; is termed “ psyllium majus supinum” by Tournefort inst. 128, “ p. genevensis ”
by Poiret; and is known to grow in Italy and Southern France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.).
Rumex (Ernex) spinosus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agrió sëuklon ”
(Sibth.), in Egypt “ figl el djebbel” Desert radish, or “ sagarat el aguz ” (Forsk.) ; and the AAHA
e o N : AT P I 0 N of Theophrastus vii. 2. 7, having a shorter and less enduring root, numerous stems
and branches, and in its whole aspect resembling T E Y T A I 0 Y, — may be compared: the “ lëimô-
nion ” is described by Dioscorides as growing in meads and moist places, its leaves like those of
“ sëutlô,” stem equal as in “ krinou ” and slender straight full of red astringent fruit ; is identified in
the added Synonyms with the “ nëurôëithës ” or “ napëiôn ôninnôu,” with the “ mënthrôuta ” of the
Mysians, “ mëôutha ” or “ ëllëvôrôsëmata ” o r “ skulliôn” or “ lukôsëmphullôn ” of the Syrians, and
“ lukôu karthia” of the prophets : the “ lapathon e agrión tëutlôn ” is also mentioned by Galen alim.
fac. ii. 47; R. spinosus is termed “ beta cretica semine aculeato” by Bauhin prodr. pl, 57; was observed
by Sibthorp, and Bory, in Attica and the Peloponnesus ; by For.skal p. 75, and Delile, in
Egypt from Alexandria to Cairo. Westward, the “ lëimôniôn ” is further identified in Syn. Diosc.
with the “ thakina” of the Dacians, “ iôumvarôum” of the Gauls, and “ ôuëratrôum nigroum ” or
“ tintinnavôulôuin tërrai ” of the Romans; but the account by Pliny xx. 28 of the “ limonion ” or
“ neuroides ” or “ beta silvestris ” seems chiefly taken from the Greek : R. spinosus was observed by
Schousboe in moist places in Morocco as far as Tangier on the Atlantic (Pers , and Necker).
Rumex {Acetosa) acetosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sorrel
(Prior), in France “ surelle” or “ ose ille ” (Nugent), in Germany “ sauerampfer” (Grieb), in Italy
“ acetina” or “ a cetosa” or “ ossalida” (Lenz), in Greece “ xunethra” (Fraas) or “ zinitra” or
“ ôxulithi” (S ib th ) ; in which we recognize the “ oxalidem” identified through Pliny with the
AAf lAOON: AfPION of Theophrastus vii. 6. i, better flavoured than the HMEPOY kind but
more acid ; — the “ ôxalis ” is mentioned by Nicander ther. 840 ; by Dioscorides ii. 140 as not large
and liaving acrid red fruit, and caUecI by some “ anaxuritha” or “ lapathon : ” R. acetosa was observed
by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to grow also
along the Taurian mountains ; and seeds of “ acetosa obtusifolia” were found by Forskal mat. med.
employed medicinally in Egypt : the living R. acetosa was seen by him in gardens at Constantinople,
and according to CIot-Bey has recently been introduced into the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the
“ oxalidem” or “ lapathum silvestre” is further identified by Pliny xx. 85 with the “ rumicem” or
“ lapathum cantherinum ” of the Romans, having pointed leaves and “ radice minima” the root not
swollen; the “ rume.x” is mentioned by Plautus pseudol. iii. 2. 26, Apicius i. i, and Apuleius d. h.
13: R. acetosa is termed “ a. pratensis” by Tournefort inst. 502; was observed by Pollini wild in
Italy; is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland
(Hook., Pers., Wats., and A. Dec.), is besides regularly cultivated. By European colonists, was carried
to Northeast America before 1669 (Jossel.), but has disappeared ; was also carried to Alaska (Wats.).
“ An agreeably acid plant” according to Lindley, “ refrigerant and diuretic,” its root “ long and
tapering, astringent, somewhat woody.”
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