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and giving rise to one name of the tree “ cornocapra: ” P. terebinthus is termed “ t. vulgaris” by
Tournefort inst. 579; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles,
and is known to occur in Barbary (Pers.).
Lepidium sativum of Persia. Called in Britain with other species pepper-wort or 'cress, by
Cotgrave “ k a r s ” or “ kerse,” by Chaucer “ kers,” in Anglo-Sa.xon “ kerse ” or “ k y r s y s ” or “ crers,”
in medieval Latin “ crissonium” (Prior), in France distinctively “ cresson alénois ” (.A.. Dec.), in
Germany “ gartenkresse,” in Italy “ agretto” or “ nasturzio ortense” (Lenz), in Greece “ karthamo”
(Sibth.), in Egypt “ rechad” (Del.) or “ habrasjat,” in Yemen “ half ” (Forsk.), in Egyptian “ sSmSth ”
(Syn. Diosc.); in which we recognize the “ karthamon” eaten by the Persians before — becoming
acquainted with bread (Aelian, and Ruel i. 115) ; seen by Xenophon cyr. i. 2 to 8 eaten by them ; produced
of the best quality in Babylon according to Dioscorides; and called in Persian “ skaphos ”
according to the scholiast of Aristoph. nub. 234: L. sativum was observed by Olivier trav. iii. 120
to all appearance wild in Persia. Westward, the “ karthamon” is mentioned by Aristophanes vesp.
455 and 1357, Antiphanes, the Hippocratic writings, Diodes Carystius, Polyaenus, and as having
acrid seeds by Theophrastus i. 12. i, and Dioscorides: L. sativum was observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus; by Forskal, and Delile, in the
gardens of E g yp t; and by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen. Farther West, the “ karthamon”
is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ nastourkioum ” of the Romans, by Cicero with the “ nasturtium,”
mentioned also by Varrò, Columella, and Pliny : L. sativum is described by Bauhin prodr.
pl. 43 ; is termed “ nasturtium hortense vulgatum ” by Tournefort inst. 213 ; was observed by Forskal
in gardens on Malta ; and is known to be cultivated from Italy throughout middle Europe (Pers.,
and Lenz). Eastward from Persia, is called in Hindustanee “ taratezak ” or “ halim,” in Bengalee
“ halim” (D ’r o z ) ; was observed by Graham “ cultivated in gardens” in the environs of Bombay,
by Wight in peninsular Hindustan; by Mason “ e.xotic” in Burmah, called “ sa-mung-nee,” audits
“ seeds sold in bazar for medicinal purposes.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues under cultivation in our Northern and Middle States, and is called
peppcrgrass.
Cordylocarpus Icevigatus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ karthamon ”
ór “ karthama ” (Fraas), and possibly the “ karthamon ” of the Persians : — clearly the “ karthamis ”
identified by Zopyrus, Galen, and Erotian with the “ saurithion” of Hippocrates ulc. 8, “ sauren” of
Nicander, and “ saurion” of the Athenians (mentioned by Pliny xix. 54): C. laevigatus is termed
“ eruca chalepensis flore dilute violaceo siliquis articulatis ” by Morison i. 3. pl. 25, “ erucaria alep-
p ic a ” by Gaertner ; was observed by Tournefort trav. i. pl. 35, Sibthorp, D ’Urville, and Fraas, frequent
from the Peloponnesus to Crete and the Greek islands ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean
border of Egypt near Alexandria.
The same year ( = 1914 — “ 35 years ” of Gen. xi. 12), birth of Salah.
The title of “ rahem-smentoti,” not found on contemporaneous monuments, — occurs
in the chamber of kings at Karnak.
IV. TH E H YK SO S OR SH E PH E R D K IN G S .
“ In the reign of Timaus” (Maneth.), “ the Hyksos, a people from the East of obscure or ignoble
origin, in some unexpected manner acquired possession of E g y p t ” without fighting ; and its rulers
being in their power, proceeded to maltreat the people, “ killing some, reducing the wives and children
of others to slavery,” burning cities, “ demolishing temples,” and at length made one of their number
king :
1873 B. C. ( = 1613 .. 2 mo. -(- “ 49 .. 2 mo. -|- 50 .. i mo. -f- 61 + 36 .. 7 mo. + 44 - f 19 y r s ”
of-Manetho in Jos. c. A. 14), accession of Salatis, the first Hyksos king. He resided at Memphis,
and establishing military stations rendered both Lower and Upper Egypt tributary; but chiefly
directed his attention to the Northeastern frontier, where he placed an army and fortified the city
of Auaris, from jealousy of the increasing power of the Assyrians.
A triangular Military game had commenced between Egypt, the North, and the East, — and
continues unsettled to the present day. Geographical position will explain, Why the Persians only
after acquiring Asia Minor moved against Egypt, and only after acquiring Egypt moved against
Greece ; and Why Alexander would not move against Persia without first securing Egypt : the very
latest invader on establishing himself in Egypt adopted at once the Egyptian view, and in accordance
therewith shaped his measures (see Thiers revol. Franc.).
The Hyksos are termed Phoenicians in the Maneth. tables, and according to Josephus c. A. i. 14
were by some regarded as Arabs; but their long domination did not displace the spoken language
of Egypt, as will appear presently. Notwithstanding the enumeration of Hyksos kings in the Maneth.
tables, the h ilo g lyp h ic ovals on the monuments seem to belong to legiUmate Egyptian kings, who
maintained their line of succession together with some authority, especially in Upper Egypt.
Seventy-third generation. May ist, 1867, mostly beyond youth : ^ ^ . tt- 1 - i-i„
As eariy perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables), Dacsha reigning in Hindustan. - He is
mentioned in the Puranas (Bentley as. res. viii. p. 230). . . t- 1
1864 B. C. ( = 1 4 1 3 + “ 348 4-103 y e a r s ” of the Egyptian Chronicle and Euseb.-Maneth.
i-ible = i6 ia 2 mo. -4- “ 250 yrs ” of the same table), accession of the Fifteenth dynasty.
* * * „ fo ^ the Fourteenth dynasty not recognized on con-
' ' temporaneous monuments, - is in about this place in the chamber of kings at Karnak.
The last war of Ninus ; against the Bactrians, and their chief city captured t'irougo
the agency of Semiramis, who became his wife. The Bactrian king Oxyartes is called
K . “ Zoroaster” by Ctesias, Cephalion, and Justinus i. i (see above, Zoroaster).
. 1862 B. C. ( = 1820 4- “ 42 ye ars ” of Ctes., Cast , Diodor. ii. 20, Euseb. i. and 11., and Syncell ),
Ninus succeeded by his wife Semiramis, now Assyrian empress. , , ^ r r i . .
Semiramis invading Hindustan was opposed by Stavrovates with war elephants (Ctes. as^ y ^
ii 16) ; the Indian elephant, E. Indicus, is figured in the cave-temples at Adjunta used for rid n
and for killing tigers ; also, in Braminical cave-temples ; was employed in warfare against Alexander
and the Greeks ; is mentioned in the Institutes of Manu, a « m Uie Veda (Stew). ’
the young elephant led in the Tribute-procession to the Egyptian king Tutmes J®
Indian species ; subsequently by the successors of Alexander imported in numbers for the purposes
I w l f a r e in the Mediterranean countries ; so that even in Italy, the Romans were obliged to fight
^ ^ T a tT r lD e n d r o c a la m u s ) ballcooa of Tropical Eastern Asia. The bamboo, perhaps the
“ kalamou” of which the boats on the Indus were made — (Ctes. assyr n. 17)7 Joafo m India made
of a joint of “ kalamou” are mentioned by Herodotus iii. 98: the large kind ot bamboo cMled
“ kuttung,” sometimes “ ten inches in diameter,” was seen by Temple only on * e Deo and Sonar
tributaries of the Godavery; and D. ballcooa, “ from its s iz e ” and strength, is regarded by Roxburgh
Is periiaps preferable to any other kind for house-building (Drur.). Farther Eart, a / r g e kind of
bamboo is mentioned in the Chou-King as growing in the Southern provinces of China (I afoh. 48)
var “ maxima” was seen by Loureiro in Anam; by Mason v. 525, m Burmah, having joints from
twenty to twenty-four inches in length and as much as thirty-six inches in circumference.
Bambusa Ivendrocalamus) strictus of Eastern Hindustan. Called male bamboo, in Telinga
“ sadanaoa vedroo ” (Drury), and probably furnishing the spears of the army opposing Semiramis .
the n i T i r i s i l h i k d l ” is discribed by Theophrastus iv. 11. 13 as “ stéréds” s0 d : D stric t^
was observed by Roxburgh cor, i. pl. 80 in Coromandel, growing in drier situations than other bam-
L o s ? “ very straight.” and having “ great strength and solidity ” much used by the natives for spears,
shafts and sim ilar purposes ” (Stew art punj., and Drur.). ^ , , , n j
Bambusa (Melocannd) baccifera of mountainous situations in Chittagong. A bamboo ca\\ed
there “ paroi-tullu,” in Bengalee “ bish-bansh,” in Malabar “ beesha,” in Travancore ^ vayslm or
“ vay ” (Drur.) ; and probably furnishing bows and arrows to the army opposing • ‘ J
bows and arrows of the Indian auxiliaries in the army of Xerxes were of “ « lam o u (Herodm. . . ).
the “ katthaka” reed bearing fruit to its own destruction, is mentioned in the Dhammapada 164. M.
baccifera was observed by Pierard wild in mountainous situations in Chittagong and in common use
for e vlry purpose of building, arrows and bows according to Roxliurgh cor. in. pl. 243 made from
S e s t e l s by the natives, and pens from the younger shoots; by Drury, “ very comnion on the
Travancore hills, growing also in the low country,” perishing after yielding its remaikfole Ur^e
pendulous fruit, its leaves placed “ on verandahs and roofs of houses to keep away the white ants
by Rheede v. j l 60, in Malabar; but only “ in 1833.” according to Graham, was introduced mto the
^ '^ T ln f e T T z e y la n i c a of Ceylon and Tropical Hindustan. The bow-string hemp is cdled in
Bengalee “ moorga” or “ moorgavee,” in Tamil “ marni” (Royle), m Telinga ‘ saga or chaga
(Drin-y), and miy have furnished the string sending the arrow witli which Semiramis was j o a n ^ d
- fCtes assyr ii. 19) : the sacrificial zone of the military class according to the Insti utes of Manu
shoull be 0f“ murvJ” (W. Jones) : S. Zeylanica. affording one of the strongest fibres known, is
“ common ” on Ceylon (Royle fibr.) ; is known to grow also on the Dindigul hills and as far a.s Ben„M
(Drur ) • was observed by Garrow “ in 1831 ” growing “ wildly and profusely in « the moist woods
ofth e'nIiRib ou rho od” of Cuttack; is made into paper at Trichinopoly ; was observed by Rheede
pl 42 Tn Malabar; by Law, “ on rocks at Badamee” in the Bombay district but by Graham 2.8
and 2q4 only in “ gardens.” Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet pi. 2 0 , and Mil er.
« 8 5 7 B. C .L 2 3 d year of Koung-hia” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Fourteenth
cycle.