ró ,:
r ó ¡ r ó . . ' . : : f
í " ' ró ' t o j l í 'ró;
ró.ftíír,,
Inga mellifira of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen “ dhoba ” or “ dobb ” or “ smurr ” (Forsk I •
Ï t h J n t U l+ e ! tt MCA I TO YP r e í A plants suitable for bees abounding a c c o r d in f / E r 'J
tosthenes at the ^ Southern extreme of Arabia - (Strab. xvi. 4. 2) ; clearly the “ akantlfos ” Ivith f r j
g,ran flowers yielding the “ aiguption muron ” mentioned by Galen voc. hipp 414 (compare A
myrrhifera) ; I. melhtera is termed “ mimosa unguis cati ” by Forskal p. 176; vvas observed by him
fU rU d J h e JU s® t U i 'Hfite honey in abundance, the wood supplying
tuel, 0 the masticated leaves applied to the eyes of bullocks to remove cloudiness.
of Tropical Arabia. A large tree called in Yemen “ dober” (F o r sk ) - and its
UUemT of J r / j sU ? '® ‘ ^ U * U + fo u n d in g according to Eratosthenes in the Southern
extieme of Arabia — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2.) : D. glabra was observed by Forskal p a» freauent alono- t|-,p
base of the mountains of Yemen, the fruit elten. ^ ■"-- irequent along the
f F o r iU U + d i f r / - c f Tropical Arabia. A shrub, not lactescent, and called in Yemen “ schuntob ’> 0 rsk.) and Its foil de s included perhaps m the “ ëukarpia” of the Southern extreme of Arabia
mentioned by Eratosthenes - (S trab. xvi. 4. 2) : A. spiralis wa.s ob.served by Forskal p. 49 not far fronl
Lohaia growing on the Desert plain, its follicles eaten, and the seeds sweet and relieviiró colic
k e lb eU f/o rU T ' T f sarmentóse plant called in Yemen “ draet el
Ueifooned b i'E r rU tl “ ëukarpia” of the Southern extreme of Arabia
1 tl 1 Tratosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2) : S. variegata was observed by Forskal p xciii to ci
along the base of the mountains of Yemen, the follicles eaten crude
Oncobaffiinosag Tropical Africa and Arabia. A large tree called in Yemen “ onkob ” (Forsk ) •
t o s 1 ‘0 “ ëukarpia ” of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by E r ì
£ 1 ei ^ ' 0 J P ' “ sa was observed by Forskal p. 103 among the mountains of
emen, the fruit ettten by boys. Westward, is known to grow as far as Senegal (Juss , and Pers )
c ra s s tfg a of Tropical Arabia. An arborescent shrub called in Yemen “ mæru ” (Forsk ) ■
toUhUnU U r J 7 Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Eraft
tosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2): M. crassifolia was observed by Forskal p. 104 in arid situations
throughout Yemen, its fruit eaten by boys. 1 mm situations
Tnria moghadd of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen “ moghadd ” (Forsk.) ; and its fruit prob-
(Jfrab T v r t A / L a r p i a ” of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Eratosthenes-
T T “ b>^’®s ” (Forsk.) ; and its figs probably
/ F F T i T Arabia, mentioned by Eratosthenes - (Strab.
a g r e e a b f o b U e a / " ^ ' " by Forskal p. ,79 on the mountains of Yemen, its fruit not
+ 2 4 B. C .’’ (Blair), the Romans pursuing the Gauls, first cross the Po.
king i r i y f i a '^ '” Seleucus III. succeeded by Antiochus I I I . Magnus, sixth Greek
bin» later than this date (Sm b. d.), the inventions of Héron of Alexandria, a pupil of Ctesibius.
Applications of steam to mechanical purposes are described by Heron.
• of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Spain “ p e litre ” and hence
m En0 h0 0 rj/ ty -N + f« (Prior) : the G Y P € e PO N of lolas - (schol. Nic. ther. 683), Andreas
r t t ip a te r (Gal. comp, med, gen. vii. 7), Nicander ther. 938, Paulus Aegineta, an herb accordino tè
Dioscondes having leaves like those of “ thaukos agrios” and its root fiery to the taste, is referred
here by writers : A. pyrethrum was observed by Fraas near dwellings and in wooded mountain-
/ “ ’ T f''"'*®'- S “ th, the “ purëthrôn” or “ tÎôrukniôn ” or “ p u r ò th r / ”
or puróton or purinon or “ arnos purites ” is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the “ puritcs”
of the prophets: “ pyrethrum” root is enumerated by Alpinus as used medicinally in Egypt, imported
according to Forskal 0 . med, “ from B a rb a r y ;” but according to Lindley A^ pyrethruinTcJ !rs
foso ,n S ym and Arabia. Westward, the “ purëthrôn” is idendfied in the Syn Diosc w iT the
x T i ' T T Se e ‘ ft® “ pyrethrum” is mentioned by Celsus, Scribonius Largus 9, Pliny
n U Floridus: A. pyrethrum is discribed bJ
Fuchsius p. 641, Pragusp 173, Dodoens p. 347 (Spreng.), and Gerarde p. 758; and was observed
by Shaw spec. n. 138, and Desfontaines ii. 287, wild in Barbary. The root accordino to Persoon
J i t r U d ^ r r e “ to
‘ ‘ T l h T ’ “ to Clint.), the Gauls defeated by Marcellus, and their leader Viridomar slain.
nrovinc! of t T P r f ' 1’ T ‘/ P ' ' ' ) - tb«" ■‘"mall kingdom of Yan, in the north of thè Chinese
p ovince of Tchy-Ii overthrovvn the last king Lou-wan seeking refuge among the Hioung-nou. At
this time a man of Yan named Wei-man proceeding to Corea obtained possession of the government ;
dethroning Ki-tsum, the last of the Chinese dynasty. ^ ’
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 9 1
“ November ” (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 384 and 399), in Egypt, Ptolemy I I I . succeeded by
Ptolemy IV. Philopator. — Who put to death his mother Berenice, his wife and sister Arsinoe, his
brother Magas, and his uncle Lysimachus.
The hieroglyphic ovals of king Ptolemy IV. occur on buildings at Esneh and Karnak; on restorations
at Luxor ; and on the small temple to Athyr on the Western hill-slope at Thebes. He also
built the temple at Akhmin, continued the one at Dakkeh in Nubia, and founded the great temple
at Edfu.
Among the /W ; inscriptions by king Asoka on columns at Delhi and along the Ganges, and
on rocks in Guzerat and Cattac, one edict relates to establishing charitable institutions beyond his
own territory “ within the dominions of Antiochus the Greek (Antioko Yona), of which Antiochus’s
generals are the ru le rs ; ” and a subsequent edict contains “ and the Greek king besides, by whom
the Chapta (.?) kings Turamayo, Gongakena, and M a g a ” (two of these names being Ptolemaios and
Magas, according to Prinsep).
Hardly earlier than this year (Bunsen iv. 7. 2 giving 260 — “ 37 yrs.” = 223), Asoka succeeded
by his son Suyasas, now king at Pataliputra on the Ganges — (Bhagavata purana, Vichnu purana,
and Burnouf ii. 778).
“ 22t B. C. = 26th year of Chi-hoang-ti, of the T h s in ” or Sixth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
By Chi-hoang-ti, the year was made to commence with the conjunction of the sun and moon in
Sagittarius, or two months earlier than under the Tcheou (Pauth.).
“ In the 27th year of Ptolemy I I I . ” (Samuel Aniens.), “ ziunacanos ” that “ preserved snow in
summer” (ice-houses') constructed in Armenia by Arsaces.
As far back as the 3d century B. C. ” (Klapr. mem. i. 411), commencement of Georgian history.—
Among several historical works, the most esteemed was procured by Vakhtang V. from the
archives of the convent of Mzkheta and Ghelathi at the beginning of the Eighteenth cenlury.
•Archimedes (Strab. i. 3. ir) observing that fluids in solidifying tend to assume the spherical form,
concluded, That it was so with the Earth.
“ 220 B, C .” (Strab., and Schiegel journ. asiat. 1828), Theodotus II. succeeded by Euthydemus
of Magnesia, third Greek king of Bactria.
In this year ’ (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), Rekkhan succeeded by his son Khanloung, now
Burmese king. — Who reigned “ thirty-eight” years.
‘ The same y e a r ” (Polyb., Blair, and Clint.), in Greece, commencement of the Social war,
between the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues; Philip IV. of Macedonia joining the Achaeans.
“ The same y e a r ” (Clint, ii. p. 269, and iii. p. 3S2), Cleomenes I II. of Sparta seeking refuge
•n Egypt, put to death by Ptolemy IV. He is regarded as the last Spartan king in the Aoid line
(Pausan.).
A Greek inscription of about this date (Franz. 80) found on Corcyra, presenting the followino
form of the letter U. / > v » a
“ 21S B. C.” (Polyb., Blair, and Clint.), from Spain, a Carthaginian army led by Hannibal
through France and over the Alps into Italy: in this une.xpected manner commencing the Second
Punic war. An account of tlie journey is given by L. Cincius Alimentus ; who was himself taken
prisoner, derived many particulars from Hannibal’s own lips, and principally wrote in Greek.
“ The same y e a r ” (Polyb., and Clint, iii. p. 315 and 384), commencement of war for the possession
of Pale.stine, between Antiochus I I I . and Ptolemy IV. — The war continued a year.
Not later than this date (C. Aurel., and Sm. b. d.), the treatise onKYNOAYCCOC hydrophobia
by Andreas.
Helminthia echioides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A Lactucoid herb called
in Britain oxtongue (Prior), in Greece “ Ifoirövötani ” (Sibth ) or “ agrios söhös ” (Fraas), in Egypt
“ hbbmjn” (Forsk.), in which we recognize the “ vöuglössön m5g a ” identified through Syn. Dfosc.
with the KIPCION named from and prescribed against varices by Andreas,— two cubits high
according to Dioscorides, with “ vöuglössö’’-like leaves spinescent around, and heads of purpfe-
bpped flowers changing into pappus, referred here by Ruel iii. 126: H. echioides was observed by
fo rsk a l in Eg yp t; by him, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Athens to Smyrna and Constantinople, its
leaves eaten crude as well as cooked. Westward, the “ kirsion” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with
foe “ spina mollis ” of the Romans; and the account of the “ cirsion ” having “ spinae modes ” by
1 hny xxvii. 39, seems taken from Dioscorides : H. echioides is described also by Lobel pl. S 57; is
formed “ hieracium echioides capitulis cardui benedict!” by Tournefort inst. 470; was observed by
I orskal on Malta; and is known to grow from I taly throughout middle Europe as far as Britain
(Curt. Iond. iii. pl. 51, and Pers.).
Aloe Socotrina of Socotra and the countries around. The imported drug is called in English
aloes, in Bengalee “ nnisabbar,” in Hindustanee “ musabbar” or “ elwa ” (D ’roz., and Royle) in
which we recognize theAAOHC: INAIKHCof Andreas — (Gal. comp. med. gen. vii. 7), “ a lo e ”
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