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Aniatanthus albus of the unwooded central portion of North America. A weed knowm to the
natives from early times,— and probably the species seen by Nuttall on tlie .Arkansas ; was observed
by Chapman in “ cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward;” was received from Pennsylvania by
Linnæus, and observed near West Chester by Darlington ; by A. Gray in Central New York, in
“ waste grounds, near towns, and road-sides, common.” Transportedfoo Europe, the “ blitum maritimum
minus calyculis aculeatis” found by Micheli naturalized in the sands near Viaregio in Tuscany,
is referred here by Tilli in 1723, also by Willdenow pl. i : A. albus was observed by Desfontaines
“ in 1797 ” in Barbary, and has since become a weed in Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, Portugal, and France,
as far even as Paris (Loisel., Guss., Boiss., and A. Dec.).
Phytolacca decandra of central North America. The poke, called by the natives of Virginia
“ pocan ” (Lindl.), and known from early times ; — observed by E. James on the Upper Arkansas,
by Nuttall lower down on the Arkansas, and by N. A. Ware in Opelousas ; but along the Atlantic,
observed by myself a weed in waste and cultivated ground from about Lat. 44° throughout our Middle
States ; by Chapman, “ margins of fields and uncultivated ground, Florida, and nortliward,” by
Croom as far as 30° 30'. Transported to Europe, was seen in France about 1650 by Barrelier pl.
150. was at first cultivated for colouring Bordeaux wine with its berries, called “ raisin d’Amérique,”
is mentioned as a cultivated plant by Kay “ in 1693,” but subsequently became naturalized (A. Dec.);
is termed “ ph. americana majori fructu” by Tournefort inst. 299 ; is called in Italy “ uva Turca o di
Spagna” (Poil.) ; is known to occur in Barbary (Pers.) ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and
Chaubard. naturalized from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus and called “ agriostaphitha ; ” by Forskal,
and Delile, in Egypt, in gardens and springing up spontaneously and called “ sabaghah ” dye-stuff.
Poa annua of the Andes of South America? A low annual grass, known as a weed from early
times: — this or an allied species observed by myself near the snow on the Peruvian and Chilian
Andes : P. annua was received by Kunth from South America and the P'alkland Islands ; was observed
by Nuttall on the Arkansas; by Short, in Kentucky; by Chapman, in “ yards and gardens, Florida,
and northward introduced ; ” by myself, a weed around dwellings and in waste ground in our Middle
States and New England; by Hooker, in Iceland. In Europe, is described by T. Johnston (Ger.
emend. 3) in 1633, subsequently by Ray syn. 408 ; is termed “ gramen pratense paniculatum minus
album” by Tournefort inst. 521 ; is known to occur along roadsides and in irrigated ground from
Lapland to the Mediterranean (Pers, and Wats.); was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian
Olympus, and along the shore of Asia Minor, also in the Peloponnesus ; by Hasselquist, at Damietta
in Egypt; is known to grow in waste ground along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), and in Siberia
(Kunth). Clearly by European colonists, was carried to the Interior towns of Southern Brazil
(A. Saint-Hil.) ; and to either Auckland or Campbell’s Island, in the absence of inhabitants found
on the grave of a French sailor (A. Dec.).
EcUinochloa crus-galli of North America. A coarse grass known as a weed from early times:
— observed by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; by myself, to all appearance indigenous on mud-flats along
the Delaware, and within reach of brackish water along the New England shores, but multiplying as
a weed in cultivated ground; by Chapman, in “ wet places, Florida, and northward.” Transported
to Europe, is described by Matthioli, and Camerarius, had become frequent in the days of the
Bauhins, occurring in waste places around London in tlie days of Parkinson, and Ray (Wats., Bab.,
and Bromf) ; is termed “ p. vulgare spica multiphci longis aristis circumvallata” by Tournefort inst.
515 ; is known to occur around Paris, and as far as Holland (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Bithynian Olympus to Smyrna and the
Peloponnesus, and called “ këliri” or “ këkri;” by Forskal, and Delile, in rice-fields near Rosetta
in Egypt. Clearly by European coloni.sts, was carried to Austral Africa (E. Mey.), and Australia
(Kunth). E . criis-corvi regarded as distinct, was observed by Thunberg near Nagasaki in Japan,
called there “ ko kibi” little sorghum; by Roxburgh i, 296, in Hindustan, and by Graham in the
environs of Bombay.
“ 1259 A. D.” (Yule cath. i. p. cxxi), Mangu succeeded by Khoubilai, now khan of the Tartars.
“ In this year” (art de verif.), Nooreddin Ali succeeded by Kotoz, third Memluk sultan of Egypt.
Who, before the close of the year (Marcel 162) defeated the Tartar army of Hulagu-Khan in
Palestine.
“ In this year” (Humb. cosm. v.), the magnetic variation in Italy found by Petrus Peregrine
to be “ 5° east.”
“ In or about this year” (Gildem.), Ebn Alwardi writing.
As early possibly as this year (see Malay ann., and Raffles x.), the city of Malacca founded by
Sekunder Shah, fourth ruler of Singa pura : from which place he had been driven out by the Javan
forces.
“ 1260 A. D.” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), abdication of Fikakusa II. in favour of his younger
brother Kame-jamma or Ki-zan, now eighty-ninth dairo of Japan.
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“ The same year = ist year of the ‘king-ting’ of Li-tsoung.” Commencement of the reign in
Northern China of Khoubilai khan of the Tartars, under the name of “ Cliitsou of the Youan ” (Chinese
chron, table, and Pauth. 349). Khoubilai introduced Lamaism or the Tartar religion ; but through
his nfinister the sage Hiu-heng, governed the Chinese according to their own usages. — He constructed
the Northern portion of the Great canal.
The event amounted to a dissolution of the Tartar Empire, the middle portion having a seat of
government at Almalik in Central Asia, and Kipchak or the Western portion at Sarai on the Wolga
— (Yule p. cxxi).
“ The same year” (Alst.), at Adrianople, Joannes IV. succeeded by Michael V III. Palaelogus,
as the legitimate Byzantine emperor.
“ The same year ” (Lubke and Lutrow), by Nicola Pisano, his marble-reliefs on the pulpit of the
Baptistery at Pisa finished. — Those on the pulpit of the cathedral at Siena, were finished “ in 1266.”
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Kotoz succeeded by Beybars, fourth Memluk sultan of Egypt.
Besides his mosque and tomb at Cairo, Beybars constructed various works of public utility, here,
and at Alexandria, Damietta, and Rosetta. His inscriptions and coins are remarkable for an accompanying
figure of a lion ; in violation of the precepts of the Muslim religion.
The fanatical sect of Bathenians or Hassassins (according to Marcel) exterminated by Beybars :
— (evidence will however be given, that the sect continued to exist more than two centuries later).
“ 1261, July” (Alst., and Blair), Constantinople recovered from the crusaders by the emperor
Michael V III.
“ The same year ” (Nicol.), a synod at Paris, “ To implore the aid of Hèaven against the conquest
made by the Tartars over the Christians.” Also synods at Lambeth, and Ravenna, on the same
subject. And at Mayence, “ To make preparations for resisting the Tartars.”
“ Aug. 29th” (Alst., and Nicol.), Alexander IV. succeeded by James Panteleon patriarch of Jerusalem,
now Urbanus IV., twenty-sixth pope. Richard of Cornwall ruling Germany and Italy, though
residing almost constantly in England ; being a brother of king Henry III.
“ 1263, Nov. i8th ” (Nicol.), a synod at Paris, A hundredth “ of the revenues of the clergy of
France was granted for five years, in aid of the wars in the Holy Land.”
“ 1264 A. D. = 5th year of the ‘ king-ting’ of Li-tsoung, and ist year of the ‘ tchi-youan’ of
Chi-tsou” or Khoubilai-Khan (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Sixty-sixth cycle.
“ May 14th” (Blair), Henry III. defeated and taken prisoner by the barons under Montfort
earl of Leicester: and “ according to some” authorities, the Commons of England first summoned
to parliament. — The earl of Leicester was defeated in the following year by prince Edward.
“ Aug. 26th” (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. A tenth of the revenues of the French clergy was
granted “lor the conquest of Sicily” to Charles d’Anjou. To whom the pope had transferred the
throne from Manfred (Alst.).
“ 126s A. D. = ‘ hian-tchun,’ 1st year of Tou-tsoung, of the Soung” or Twenty-first dynasty —
(Chinese chron. table).
“ Feb. sth” (Alst., and Nicol.), Urbanus IV. .succeeded by cardinal Guy Foulquois, now
Clemens IV., twenty-seventh pope. Who wrote besides on jurisprudence.
“ The same year” (rudim. chron. Lond.), introduction of hcrcaitary nobility into Sweden.
Robertus Sorbona, founder of the college of the Sorbonne at Paris, at this time wriling — (Alst.
P- 407)■
“ In or about this year ” (Way pr. pm.), the author of +oss. Harl. 978 writing.
Hieracium pilosella of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain mouse-car
(Prior), in which we recognize the “ auricola muris ” of gloss. Harl. 3388 and pi L O S 6 L L K of gloss.
Harl. 978,— the “ miiricula” or “ mowseer herbe” of Galfridus pr. pm., and the “ pilosella” commended
by Montagnana (Spreng.) : H. pilosella is termed “ dens leonis qui pilosella officinarum ” by
Tournefort inst. 469, “ pilosella alpina” by Hoppe ; and is known to grow from France throughout
Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Pers., Plook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed
by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to
grow also in the Tauro-Caspian countries.
“ 1266, Feb. (= 664 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Nasir-u-din Mahmud succeeded by Gheias-u-dm
Bulbun, now ninth sultan of Delhi. —His court was the resort of exiles, including the poet Amir
Khusru and other literary men, and at different times no less than “ fifteen” sovereigns driven from
their dominions in tlie West by the Mogul Tartars,
“ May lolh ” (Nicol.), a synod at Cologne. Against the injustice and violence “ committed with
impunity for fifteen years during the vacancy of the imperial throne.” — A synod in the following year
at Vienna, on the same subject.
Cologne being at this time the entrepot or general mart between the North and South, Albertus
Magnus was enabled to procure there much informaiion respecting Northern regions : companies for