592 B. C. = “ 4th year of Psametik I I . ; ” the latest date in his reign found on the monuments
— (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 594).
“ The same y e a r ” (Sosicr., D. Laert. i. lo i, and Clint.), arrival in Athens of the philosopher
Anacharsis; a relative of the king of Scythia (Southern Russia). The flute or pipe “ aulos ” was
Athens, first success of the Amphictyons under Eurylochus against Cirrha.
About this time (Abyden., and Euseb.), on the Persian Gulf at the mouth of the Euphrates,
the city of TSrethdn or Teredon founded by Nabuchadnezzar. — The city is called “ Thirithbtis ”
by Nearchus (Arrian ind. 41) ; is also mentioned by Amyntas, Eratosthenes, Strabo, Pliny, Dionys.
Perieg., Aelian. n. a. v. 14 and xvii. 16, Ammianus, and Stephan. Byzantius.
k 589 B. C. ( = 570 + “ 19 years of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table
I giving S22 y. 8 mo. — “ 4 4 — 4 4 — 4 4 _ 12 — 7 — 6 — 8 — 4S — 6 — 17 ” = 589
y. 8 mo. = 339 + “ 6 + 4 -j- 6 -)- 20 -(- 21 y. 4 mo. + 6 + 120 y. 4 mo. + 42 25
y e a r s ” ), Psammetihos II. succeeded by Ouaphris, seventh king of the Twenty-sixth
dynasty ; the Hophra of Jeremiah xliv. 30, and Apries o f Herodotus. King Uahprahet
completed the temple begun by Psammetichus near Naharieh (Leps. eg. and sin. 43) ; and his name
occurs at Beghe in Nubia (Glid. analect.), on the rocks at Philte, on stones (recently employed in
building the citadel at Cairo), on an obelisk (now in Rome), and on moveable articles (now in the
museums of Europe).
“ The same year,” or shortly aftenvards (Sm. geogr. diet., see also Strabo xiii. 2. 3, and Clint.),
arrival in Babylon of Antimenidas ; regarded as the first Greek who reached that city. The visit is
mentioned by his brother, the poet Alcaeus.
587, Jan. 2d ( = 587 y. d. = 597 y. 353/5% d. — “ 11 years ” of twelve lunations of '2 K.
XXIV. 18 and 2 Chron. xxxvi. 11), Zedekiah having rebelled, Jerusalem again captured by the Babylonians
under Nebuchadnezzar. The city wall was now broken down, and the principal buildings
and temple destroyed. (In Josephus, the interval from the Captivity of the ten tribes is “ 130 y.
6 mo. ro days ; ” while the above computation gives 717 y. 287/f/ d. — 587 y. I0 7 || | d. = 130 Jul.
y. 6 lun. 2 f | f days. The same year for the Destruction of the temple, is deduced by Clinton i. p.
319 and 329 from the Babylonian reigns in the Astronom. canon ; is given by Clemens Alexandrinus,
and is further identified by him with the “ 2d year of Hophra ”).
In this year ( = “ i6lh year of Bimsara,” Mahavamsi. i. p. 28), Budha or Gautama “ made his
sermon.”
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244),
Havishman reigning in Hindustan.
“ 586 B. C .” ( = “ tenth” year of CalJisth., Demetr., and Clint.), Damasias being archon at
Athens, conquest of Cirrha by the Amphictyons. The city captured by medicating the principal
source of the supply of water — (Paus. x. 37. 7).
Veratruvi album of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white hellebore
(Prior 109), in Italy “ veladro ” or “ veratro ” (Lenz), and perhaps the “ Slfevbrou ” whose roots were
used for this purpose — (Paus.) ; the “ veratrum ” is identified by Pliny, xxv. 21 with the “ sesamoi-
thgs,” mentioned by Hippocrates vict. acut. 66 as purging upwards ; by Dioscorides, as called on
in Burmah, its “ red scaly fruit ” often seen in bazar, but eaten by the natives only ; is known to grow
wild in dripping woods from Eastern Java and Baley to Banda (Pers., and Reinw.). From transported
specimens, is described by Bauliin i. 401 (Spreng.).
Pandanns furcatu s of Tropical shores from Burmah to the Samoan Islands. A strong-leaved
screwpine called in Burmah “ tha-bau ” (Mason) ; and perhaps already u.sed for making mats by the
Selungs, — their “ only means of livelihood” besides fi.foing at the present day (Wade, and Mason
100): P. furcatus was observed by Mason 521 in Burmah, growing “ abundantly on the lowlands
near tide-waters,” and supplying “ the large coarse mats in universal u se ; ” was not seen by myself
in the Malayan archipelago, but was frequent near the sea on the Feejeean and Tongan Islands,
and clearly indigenous on mountain-summits exposed to the sea on the Samoan: by" Polynesian
colonists, was carried to the Hawaiian Islands, where it continues cultivated and naturalized ; was
perhaps also carried to Taheiti and throughout the Pauinotuan coral-archipelago; and on the Radack
and Caroline coral-archipelagos, in addition to the universal use for mats, the softer basis around
the seeds is said to be eaten : on Wake’s coral-island, which may have escaped the visits of natives,
the Pandanus was absent. Westward from Burmah. the species from whose leaves matting and
package-bags are made on the Mauritius Islands (Graham, and Drur.), may be compared.
Anticyra “ ëllëvorôn ” and mixed with “ lëukô ëllëvôrô ” (a mixture according to Pliny sternutatory) :
the “ sêsamôëithës ” is mentioned also by Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 120, and Erotian ; and the “ lëukôn
scsamôëithës ” by Rufus Ephesius; the “ ëllëvôrôs ” having “ sësamôthë” fruit and used on Anticyra,
is mentioned also by Theophrastus ix. g. 2, together with the “ ëllëvôrôs lëukôs ” having according
to some authorities “ prasôthës ” leek-like leaves : the “ ëllëvôrôs lëukôs ” is mentioned by Philonides,
is described by Dioscorides as sternutatory and having plantain-like leaves, and is identified in tire
added Synonyms with the “ vëratrôum alvôum ” of the Romans : V. album was observed by Hawkins
on the highest portion of mount Pindus ; is known to grow also on Caucasus. Westward, the “ veratrum
” is mentioned by Lucretius as an acrid poison, also by Columella vi. 38. 3 ; and the “ album
veratrum ” by Celsus iii. 23 to vi. 7. 5 : V. album is termed “ v. flore subviridi ” by Tournefort inst.
273 ; and is known to grow in mountainous situations as far as Spain and Denmark (Jacq. austr. pl.
335, fi. Dan. pl. 1 120, and Pers.). Its root according to Lindley is “ a local irritant ” inducing “ violent
sneezing,” and if taken in large quantities “ violent vomiting, purging, and other consequences
that produce death.”
Veratrum nigrum of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An allied species,
called in Greece in common with Helleborus Orientalis “ skarphe” (Sibth.), and probably the “ ëllë-
vôrôu” in question : — V. nigrum was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of the Peloponnesus;
by Grisebach, in Albania ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, the two kinds of
“ veratrum” according to Celsus v. 8 possess similar properties, and “ veratrum nigrum” is separately
mentioned by him, and Pliny xxv. 77 : V. nigrum is termed “ v. flore atro-rubente ” by Tournefort
inst. 273; is known to grow as far as Hungary and the mountains of Austria (Jacq. austr. pl.
336, A. Dec., and Lenz) ; and from transported specimens is described by Morison xii. pl. 4.
Helleborus niger of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Christmas rose
from the time of flowering, or black hellebore (Prior), and possibly the “ ëllëvôrôu” in question : —
“ ëllëvôrian ” is a word used by Callias ; “ ëllëvôrôs ” and “ ëllëvôrizëis,” by Aristophanes vesp. 1489,
Demosthenes, Diphilus, Lucian, and Athenaeus: the true “ ëllëvôrôs lëuk ô s” according to authorities
quoted by Theophrastus ix. to. i is a low plant with deeply-lobed leaves, differing from the “ mêlas”
kind only in the colour of the roots, which is white : H. niger (with root-fibres “ whitish internally,”
Lindl ) was observed by Sibthorp from mount Athos to the Peloponnesus ; by Pococke, in Palestine ;
and roots of “ helleborum album ” were found by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt.
Westward, the “ album ” kind is distinguished by Pliny xxv. 21 as acting “ vomitione,” the Gauls
tingeing their arrows with “ elleboro” in hunting : H. niger is described by Lobel pl. 681 ; is termed
“ h. niger angustioribus foliis ” by Tournefort inst. 272 ; is known to grow in mountainous situations
in Italy and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 201, and Pers.), The fibres of the rhizoma.according to
Lindley continue to be employed medicinally, but have sometimes induced “ vomiting” with delirium
and violent convulsions terminating in death. (See H. Orientalis).
The war against Cirrha being over, the Pythian Games instituted by the victors — (Paus., and
Clint.).
“ 585 B. C. = 1st year of Kien-wang, of the T ch eo u ” or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same y e a r ” (Sosicr., Diog. Laert, and Clint., see also Aristot. rep. v. 9. 22), death of
Periander. He was succeeded as king of Corinth by his nephew Psammetichus.
“ 582 B. C .” (Thucyd. vi. 4, and C lint), in Sicily, Agrigentum founded by Greek colonists from
the neighbouring city of Gela.
Synmu or Jinmu, first dairo of Japan, is placed as early as this date (although only 17 reigns are
counted in ann. Jap. from 399 A. D.) : he came, according to some writers, from the Loo-Choo
Islands— (Klapr. note to San-kokf 169). The succession continues in his family, the dairos for the
last few centuries exercising only spiritual authority.
“ In the reign of Jinmu, ending in 581 B. C.” (Jap. centen. comm. 59), from his residence “ in
Kashiwara, in the province of Yamato,” an order given to Wakanetsu Hiko-no-mikoto, one of his
officials, “ to manufacture various kinds oi pottery to be used in the temples for religious festivals.”
The soldiers of Synmu on one occasion made nets of the “ katsoura ” (tradit. myth) ; giving
rise to the name Katsoura ti of the city or fort selected by his successor Soui Se'i for the seat of
government (ann. Jap. transl. Titsingh).*
“ 581 B. C.” (Aristot., and Clint.), at Corinth, end of the reign of Psammetichus and of the
Cypselidæ dynasty.
About this time (Percev. i. 55), Chammir, grandson of Himyar, ruling Yemen. — As he is said to
have acknowledged the authority of the Persians, he must have continued reigning in the time of
Cyrus.
f 1
I " ' J * \ \
&
* Dolichos hirsutus of Japan. The “ katsoura ” plant in question — is referred here by Klaproth :
L). hirsutus was observed in Japan by Kaempfer pl. 41, and Thunberg.