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128 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Westward, is termed “ c. peregrina foliis pyri incisis ” by Tournefort inst. 293 ; was observed by Desfontaines
i. 433 in Barbary; is known to grow also on Corsica and in Spain (Pers., and Viv.).
1323 B .C . ( = I 2 9 8 - ( - “ 25 ye ars ” of Euseb. ii., and S yn c e ll), accession of Belochus II. as
Assyrian Emperor. “'For ty-fiv e ” years are however assigned to his reign in Euseb. i. p. 44.
Triopas succeeded by his son lasus, eighth Argive k in g; his dominions (those of “ the father
of lo,” Acusil., Herodot. i. i and ii. 26, see also Apollod., and Paus.) including under the name of
Pelasgia all continental Greece.
Xanthus another son of Triopas led a colony of Pelasgian Greeks to Lycia; — and afterwards
occupied Lesbos, an island close to the main shore of the Troad.
“ 1317 B. C. = 8th year of Wou-ting I I . ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-third
cycle. By the emperor Wou-ting 11., ambassadors received from kings of foreign nations whose
language differed from tlie Chinese.
In this year ( = 8th of Wou-ting,” histr Cor,, and Klapr.), the Corean seat of government
removed from Pë-yô to the A-szu-ta (Asstak) mountain.
1316 B. C. ( = 1266 -(- “ 50 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134, see also Paus. i. 2. 6., Tat., and
Clem. A lex.), Actaeus succeeded by his son-in-law Cecrops, second (or according to Apollodorus
iii. 14. I first) Attic king; his dominions including Boeotia. — The tomb of Cecrops on the acropolis
at Athens continued extant in the days of the historian Antiochus (Strab. ix p. 407, and Clem. Alex,
pr. p. 29). . J .
The worship of Jupiter supreme over the gods, not earlier than Cecrops, who inaugurated it
(Paus. viii. 2. 3, Euseb. chron. ii., and Constantin. DIac. 13). Io daughter of lasus is connected with
this worship, and (according to Aeschylus prom. 705) she visited the neighborhood of Dodona. The
Oracle at Dodona probably at this time founded (see Ammon, and Deucalion).
Lycaon son of Pelasgus and second king of Arcadia contemporary with Cecrops (Paus. viii. 2. 2).
On mount Lycaeus, Lycaon built the city of Lycosura, instituted games there, and adopted the
worship of Jupiter, but offered a human sacrifice. (See Mienptah).
Images of gods among the Early Greeks (as ascertained by Pausanias viii. 17. 2) were made
either of “ ëvënôs” ebony, “ lô tô s ” (see Zizyphus lotus and Celtis Australis), “ thruina” oak
(O. robur and O. pubescens), or of the four following kinds of wood :
Cupressus sempervirens oi the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. The cypress
is called in France “ cyprès ” (Nugent), in Italy “ cipresso ” (Lenz), in Greece “ kuparissia ” (Sibth.),
in Egypt “ saru ” (Forsk.), in which we recognize the “ kuparissos ” of which some of these images
were made— (Pans.), employed also for door-posts according to Homer od. v. 54 and xvii. 340, and
mentioned by Herodotus, Thucydides ii. 34, and Theophrastus ; one of the gates of the temple at
Jerusalem was called the “ swr ” gate (2 K. xi. 6 and 2 Chron. xxiii. 5) : C. sempervirens was
observed by Forskal, and Delile, planted in Egypt, and by myself in the Muslim cemeteries ; by
Sibthorp, and Fraas, wild on the mountains of Crete and Greece, but its abundance in the Peloponnesus,
remarked by Bory, is doubtless due to human interference. Westward, the “ cupressus ” is
mentioned as foreign to Italy by Cato, and Pliny xvi. 60, introduced with difficulty and sacred to
Pluto ; is further described by Pliny as sheared to the density of a wall and thus rendered unnaturally
slender and pointed ; is termed “ cupressus funebris ” by Horace epod. v. 16, and Ovid met. x 106 ;
and C. sempervirens continues to he associated with mourning in France (Nugent), is besides
planted for ornament throughout middle and Western Europe as far as Spain (Pers., Targ.-Tozz, and
Lenz). Eastward from Palestine, the “ kuparissos” was found by Alexander abounding in Adiabene
in Babylonia, furnishing timber for a whole fleet (Arr. vii. p. 161) : C. sempervirens is called in
Hindustanee “ sa ro” or “ s a rv ” (D ’roz.), was observed by Graham “ in gardens ” in the environs of
Bombay, thriving “ best above the Ghauts ; ” by myself, in Muslim cemeteries on the Deccan. By
European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens, the stocks I
have met with small in size.
Juniperus oxycedrus of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. The berried cedar
is a small tree called in Greece “ agriophitha ” (Forsk.) or “ k ëthrôs” (Sibth.), and a kind of timber
imported into Egypt “ gutran” (I-'orsk.) ; in which we recognize one of the “ këthrôi” of which
images of the gods were made— (Paus.), referred liere by Hawkins: the “ k ëthrôs” is termed
“ ëukëatôiôs” easily split by Homer od. ii. 6 and v. 60, growing on Calypso’s isle (Malta), is mentioned
also by Herodotus . . . , Satyrus, by Theophrastus iii. 12. 3 as sometimes called “ ôxukëtliron,”
its berries “ xanthos ” ruddy and edible, and wood odorous and sound to the centre ; its berries, by
Nicander ther. 80 to 583, and the “ këthrôs mikra” by Dioscorides: the “ k ë thrôs” is furtlier
described by Theophrastus iii. 2. 6 and iv. 5. 5 as abounding in Syria ancl used for sliip-building ; by
Pliny as used in Egypt for this purpose, the galley of Ptolemy IV. was in part built of “ këtlirôs ”
(Callixen., and Athen. v. 38) according with the use made at present of the imported “ gutran ” timber
(Fo rsk. p. Ivi.) : J. oxycedrus was observed by Forskal, ancl Sibthorp, everywhere in Greece and on
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
the Greek islands, and trunks eight to ten inches in diameter were found by Bory, its berries largely
exported. Westward, the “ odorata cedrus ” of which images of gods and ancestors were made in
the days of Latinus is mentioned by Horace, Virgil aen. vii. 13 to 178, Persius, and Pliny : J. oxycedrus
is described by jMatthioli i. 1 15 ; is termed “ j. major bacca rufescente” by Tournefort inst. 589 ; but
from Italy along both sides of the Mediterranean to Gibraltar, hardly exceeds the dimensions of a
shrub six feet high (Pers., and Lenz).
Juniperus Phoenicia of tlie wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece
“ känthrös” (Sibth.), and a kind of timber imported into Egypt “ schterbin” (Forsk.) : one of the
“ käthröi” of which images were made — (Paus.) may be compared: the “ kSthron phöiniken” is
distinguished by Theophrastus iii. 12. 3 and ix. 2. 3; the “ kSthron ” becoming a greaUree “ thänthrön
m ig a ” by Dioscorides, “ thänthrön on mikron” according to Galen simpl. vii. 8 ; and the largest
“ c ed ru s” on record, “ one hundred and thirty feet high ” with tliree men required to encircle its
trunk, was cut for Demetrius on Cyprus (Plin. xxvi. 76) : the “ brwsh ” growing on Lebanon (Psalm
civ. 17, Hos. xiv. 3, Isaiah xiv. 8 to Ix. 13, and Zech. xi. 2), of which David’s musical instruments
were made (2 Sam. vi. 5), employed in the construction of houses ( i K. v. 8 to ix 11, and 2 Chron.
ii. 8 to iii. 5), is mentioned by Ezekiel xxvii. 5 as also employed in ship-building, the purpose for
which “ schtarbin” timber is imported into Egypt (Forsk. p. Ivi) : J. Phoenicia was observed by
Pococke in Palestine ; by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent and of large size from the Peloponnesus
throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, is described by Matthioli 122, and Lobel ii.
pl. 221 ; is termed “ cedrus folio cupressi major fructu flavescente ” by Tournefort inst. 588 ; and is
known to grow from Italy throughout Southern France and Spain as far as Cadiz (Pers., Bory, and
Lenz). “ J. Lycia,” though described by Matthioli, Lobel, and Tournefort, is regarded by Sibthorp
as perhaps not distinct, as seen by him on Crete.
Taxus baccata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain yew, by Chaucer “ ewe,” by
Galfridus pr. pm. “ u,” in Anglo-Saxon “ iw,” in Welsh “ yw,” in Old High German “ iwa,” in current
German “ eibe,” in France “ if,” in Spain and Portugal “ iva,” in mediaeval Latin “ ivus ” or “ iva ” or
“ iu a ” (Prior), in Italy “ lib o ” or “ ta sso” or albero della morte” (Lenz), in Greece “ maurglatos ”
(Fraa s): the “ milax ” of which some of these images were made— (Pans.) is mentioned also by
Pherecrates, Euripides bacch. 108, and Aristophanes nub. 1003; the “ milos ” by Theophrastus iii. 10.2
as resembling “ älate ” even in its foliage but bearing a red edible berry, its leaves poisonous to
“ löphöura ” equine animals, and its wood which seems to be all heart-wood fraudulently sold for
cedar; the deadly “ smilon” by Andreas, Nicander alex. 624, and Plutarch symp. iii. p. 634:
T . baccata was observed by Hawkins, and Fraas, on high mountains of the Peloponnesus and other
parts of Greece. Westward, the “ smilax ” tree according to the received text of Dioscorides iv. 80
grows in Italy and Narbonia bordering on Spain, its berries fatal to “ ornithia; ” is identified in the
added Synonyms, and by Sextius, and Galen simpl. med. viii. 29 with the “ taxon ” of the Romans;
Cativolcus king of the Ehuri according to Caesar vi. 31 killed himself with “ taxo ; ” noxious and
harmless kinds are distinguished by V ir g il; the “ taxus ” is also mentioned by Columella, Lucan,
Statius, Silius Italiens, and as the only berry-bearing tree of the spruce kind by Pliny xvi. 20 :
T . baccata is described by Dodoens, Lobel (Spreng.), and Tournefort inst. 589; is known to grow
in mountainous situations in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Lenz).
Eastward from the Black Sea, was observed by Thunberg in Japan, is known to grow throughout
Siberia (Pers.), or according to A. Decandolle two-thirds around the Subarctic circuit of the Globe.
The leaves according to an Italian physician “ have a power similar to that of Digitalis,” in too large
doses “ certainly fatal” (Lindl.).
131S B. C. ( = 1304 y. 24S||d. “ at least ten years ” of Clint, i. p. 301, see Ex. ii. 4 to 8, and
Num. xxvi. 59), Miriam born to Amram and Jochebed.
Articles apparently of green worn by women on Egyptian monuments of about this date
( . . . . ) . The earliest Greek settlers on the island of Cos, according to the traditionary
account (Pausan. iii. 23. 4), came from Epidaurus near Argos : and the art of unravelling cocoons
and weaving the thread, was discovered on Cos by Pamphila daughter of Plateo — (Aristot. animal,
v. 19). Cos was “ thickly peopled” in the days of Homer . . . ; and continued to be celebrated in
after times for its manufacture of “ woven wind.” The name of the island, written in Greek “ kös,”
is continued in our English word “ gauze,”
Lilium candidum of middle Asia. Called in English gardens lily, in Spain “ lirio ” (Prior), in
Germany “ lilie,” in Italy “ giglio ” (Lenz), in Greece “ krino ” (Sibth.), at Constantinople “ samvahi,”
on the mountains of Yemen “ zambak ” (Forsk.), in Egyptian “ sumphaiphou ” or “ tialos,” by the
prophets “ aima ariös ” (Syn. Diosc.), and a plant corresponding in stem and leaves and terminal
large flower is figured at Äbousimbel: — L. candidum was observed by Clot-Bey confined in Egypt
almost exclusively to the pasha’s garden ; by Forskal, under cultivation among the mountains of
Yemen. Northward, the “ krinon vasilikon ” or “ toirion ” or “ kallSirion ” is identified in Syn. Diosc.
17
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