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502 CH RO NOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
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ern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Brot., Savi, Wats., Hook., and A. D ec.). Farther W est
the “ blew-flowered pimpernel” was observed by Josselyn in New England prior to 1670; V. anagallis
is known to grow throughout Canada and our Atlantic States as far as South Carolina and
Texas (Beck, Berland., and Hook.), also on the Platte, the Rocky mountains (E. James, and Drumm )
and along the Pacific coast to Sitka and Norfolk Sound (Cham., Mert., and Bong.). Probably by
European colomsts, as suggested by Bentham, carried to Austral Africa, where (A. D ec.). it continues rare
Vernnu-a beccabunga of Northern climates. Called in Britain brooklime, in Old English “ brok-
lempe or ‘- brok-lympe” (Prior), in Icelandic “ lemiki ” (Cockayne), by the Turks “ becabunga,”
and possibly included in the “ anagallis ènuthròs ” of Syn. Diosc. : - V . beccabunga was observed
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, m the outflowing water of springs from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus
; is known to grow also on Caucasus, and from Cabul and the Himalayas throughout Siberia to
Behrm gs Island (G m el, Bieb., and Ledeb.). Southward from Greece, is enumerated by Ciot-Bey
and Figari as observed in Egypt ; and is known to grow on the mountains of Abyssinia (A. D ec )
Westward, the “ hleom oce” growing in brooks of the Anglo-Saxon Leechbook i. 38. 4 is referred
bete by Cockayne : V. beccabunga is clescribed by Fuchsius 725 ; is termed “ v. aquatica major folio
subiotundo by Pournefort in.st. 145 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Algeria, Spain, Portugal, and
middle and Northern Europe as far as Finland and Sweden in “ Lat. 63°” and Iceland
(Savi Brot., Hook., and W ahl). Fartlier West, is known to grow from Norway House throughout
Canada and as far South as Lat. 40° in our Atlantic States (Hook., and Conrad).
^ Cyclamen Europaeum of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Spain “ pan de puerco ”
in F ran ce“ pa,n de pourceau ” (Spreng.), in Italy “ pamporcino ” or “ artanita” or “ ciclamino’”
(Lenz), ,n wliicli we recognize the “ cyclaminos ” identified by Pliny xxv. 67 with tlie “ tuber terrae • ”
the P AnOYM: T £ P PAI or 0 YM B IA I K 0 Y M : T £ P P A I or A PK A PA of the Romans in Sy’n
Diosc. .,.193 - may tlierefore be compared : the “ cyclaminos ” is described by Pliny as growing in
Italy in sliaded situations and sometimes cultivated, but Jiis account seems in part taken from D ioscondes
: C. Europaeum is termed “ c. orbiculato folio inferne purpurascente ” by Tournefort inst
15,), and IS known to grow in Italy and as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 401, Pers., and Lenz).
I at ther South, the “ kuklaminos” is identified by Apuleius with the “ palalia;” C. Europaeum is
o0f E£ b"n 0B aitar is ‘■re"fe'■rrtehdam htsear”e (bSyp rwernigte.,r st.he origin of one Italian name), and the “ bachur mariam”
Juniperus excelsa of the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. The A P K 6 Y^O C •
M e r A A H of Syn. Diosc. i. 103, resembling the K Y n A P I C CUU and generally known, growing in
rough broken situations and along the sea, - may be compared : J. excelsa is termed “ i. sabina var.
taunca by Pallas; was observed by Fraas in Greece, often “ twenty feet h ig h ;” by Grisebach, on
(Willd., Pe"r's'.", "afin"d Biebto ) , also in Syria(D aanudb A.)r ;a bisia k (nLoewnnz. to Sgereo wJ . ind ruTpaaucreiaa) .a nd . towards the Caspian
O rciy morio of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain gandergoose
(Ainsw.), in Germany “ knabvvurz ” (Fraas). in Greece “ oura tou lagou ” (Sibth.) ; and the K Y N 0 C :
O P_X I N of Syn. Diosc. iii. 131, — and Galen (Orib. xiv. 23), written “ cynosorchin ” by Pliny xxvii.
42, IS referred here by writers ; the “ chusa elkalb ” is mentioned also by Ebn Baitar ; O. morio was
observed by Sibthorp, ancl Fraas, frequent from Attica to Cyprus and Constantinople, its dried root
cooked and eaten. Westward, the “ altera satyrios orchis ” considered “ femina ” and its root worn
as an amulet according to Piiny xxvi. 62, may be compared; O. morio is described by Fuchsius
p 554 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ O. morio foemina ” by Tournefort ¡051433; and is known to grow
throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Vaill. pl. 31, Curt, lond, iii. pl. 59, and Pers )
Orchis mascula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Included at least in the old E,relish
ragwort, and German “ ragwurz ” (see Prior, and Lenz) ; ancl associated wi.th the precediire Is
early perhaps as tins date: — O. mascula was observecl by Sibtliorp, Chaubard, and Fraas in "the
Peloponnesus and on Parnassus, its dried root cooked ancl eaten. Westward, a double root i’s attributed
to the “ satyrion” by Plmy xx vi 62: O. mascula is described by Brunfels p. 104, ancl Fuch.sius
p. 554 ; is termed “ o. mono mas foliis maculatis ” by Tournefort inst. 432 ; was observed by Haller
pmla r3k3 (ifnl. SDwaintz.e rplla n4d5 7; , aPnedr s.i,s aknndo Aw.n Dloe cg.r)o. w throughout middle Europe as far as Scotland ancl D enOrchis
coriophorag Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Possibly included : - observed
by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, its dried root cooked
and eaten. Westward, is termed “ o. odore hirci m inor” by Tournefort inst. 443, “ o. cim icina” by
Crantz; was observed by Haller pi. 34 in Switzerland ; is known to grow in various parts of South-
erirEurope, ancl a.s far as the environs of Paris (Vaill. par. pl. 31, Jacq. austr, ii. pl. 122, ancl Pers)
“ 75 A- D .’ (Sueton., Dio, Euseb., and Clint.), the temple of Peace near the Roman Forum
completed ; together with a colossal statue “ one hundred and twenty-eight cubits ” high.
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A LS A N D P L A N T S. 5 0 3
Asperugoprocumbens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain madwort
(Prior), in Greece “ kolletzitha,” and the A A Y C C 0 C of Antonius of Cos, — described by Galen antid.
ii. p. 168 as resembling horehound, more rough and prickly about the balls and the flower blue, may
be compared : A. procumbens was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste places in the
Peloponnesus, Attica, and Cyprus. Westward, the “ alysson ” named from preventing madness from
a dog’s bite is further described by Pliny xxiv. 57 as differing from “ rubiam ” madder “ foliis tantum
et ramis minoribus : ” A. procumbens is described by Gerarde ; is termed “ a. vulgaris ” by Tournefort
inst. 135; is known to occur in waste places in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as
Denmark (fl. Dan. p l 552, and Pers.) ; but has not been observed in Ireland (Mackay, and Power),
was known to Ray in only one locality in Britain, and is regarded by A. Decandolle as a naturalized
exotic.
“ 76 A. D. = ‘kian-tsou,’ ist year of Hiao-tchang-ti ” or Tchang-ti, of the Plan or Seventh
dynasty— (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (Abyss, cliron., C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii, and M. Russel p. 109), Za-Malis
succeeded by Za-Hakale, now king of Abyssinia. — He is called Zoskales in the Erythræan periplus.
The n e P K H of the Rhine of Xenocrates aquat., — is referred by writers to the perch, P. fluvi-
atilis, inhabiting the rivers and lakes of middle and Northern Europe.
“ 77 A. D .” (Hieronym,, and Clint ), the celebrated rhetor Gabinianus teaching in Gaul.
“ In this year” (Plin. i. i, Sm. b. d., and C. Mull.), Pliny dedicating his “ Naturalis H istoria” to
Titus, now for the sixth time consul.
In the days of Pliny . . . , commerce with India in no year drained the Roman Empire of less
than “ five hundred and fifty millions of sesterces ” (estimated by Major “ at about £1,400,000 ” ), the
return being wares sold at fully one hundred times their prime cost.
The “ jam ben” of Pliny vi. 33 is identified by C. Muller (geogr. min. i. p. 169) with Yambo on
the Red Sea. At Zanzibar the Soahili salutation is “ yambo,” and the word has appeared to me to
belong to the Negro class of languages. The Arabs on the Red Sea and outer coast of Arabia
doubtless held commercial intercourse with Zanzibar as early as the time of Pliny. (See Amomum zingiber.)
The city of “ Omanæ ” is mentioned by Pliny vi. 149 as one of the “ oppidi Omanorum.” The
name may have been derived from the Persian deity “ Omanos,” mentioned by Strabo xi. 8. 4 and xv,
3. 15. — In conversing with inhabitants of. Mocha, I found the term “ Oman ” extended to the wliole
Eastern extremity of Arabia.
The A S T R 0 B 0 L V S of Pliny, described as “ a gem like a fish’s eye,” may be compared witli
the lens or hardened portion of the eye of cutile-fish, Sepiadæ. Hemispheroidal pearl-like granules
that seemed to have this origin, were observed by myself among gems exhumed in Egypt.
The earliest notice'of S A P 0 soap is by Pliny ; who terms it an “ invention of the Gauls ” (F.
Adams) : — “ sapôn” is also mentioned by Galen, Aretaeus, and Paulus Aegineta ; and “ sabun,” by
Serapion, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar.
Ranunculus polyanthemus oiYNestexnEvxope. The PO L Y A N T H E AA V M, ulcerating according
to Plmy xxvii. 90 and by some called B A T R A C H I O N ,—is referred here by Linnæus, and Sprengel :
SRt.e puodl.y)a. nthemus is known to grow in France and middle Europe (Crantz, Pers., Gilib., Neck, and
Actcea spicata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain baneberry (Prior), in Italy
“ barba di capro ” (Lenz) ; the A C T A E A growing according to Pliny xxvii. 26 in deep-shaded rough
watery places, its stems geniculate and ASPERIS, berries soft S E M l N E ■ N I G R O, — is referred
lere by writers: A. spicata is termed “ christophoriana vulgaris nostras racemosa et ramosa” liy
Tournefort inst. 299 ; is known to grow in Italy, Switzerland and throughout middle and Northern
Europe (Hill herb. p. 320, Hall, helv. 1076, fl. Dan. pl. 589, and Pers ). Eastward, was observed by
Sibthorp in wooded situations on the mountains of the Pelojronnesus ; is known to grow also on
aCsatruicnagseunst .”a nd in Siberia (Lindl ). The roots according to Lindley are “ antispasmodic,"ex"pectorant
^ Fumaria capreolata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ staktëri” ashes, ox
■ kapnohorton” (Sibth.), in which we recognize the C A P N O S . P R I M A or P E D E S - G A L L I N A
CEOS growing according to I’liny xxv. 98 on walls and along liedges, its branches extremelv slender
flower PVR P V R E O - V I R I D I S , and juice removing dimness from the eyes : — the “ kapnos hëlitliô:
mon of the collyrium of Martianus is mentioned by Aetius ii. 3. 109 and iii. 2 (D od.) : F. capreolata
IS termed “ f. viticulis et capreolis plantis vicinis adhærens” by Tournefort inst. 422: is known to
grow in Italy and Southern France, and even in England (Curt. lond. vi. pl. 47, Pers., and Lenz).
■astward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on walls and in cultivated ground in Greece and
fl1r £ toHnds : and'by Forskal, and Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo. (See F. parvi-
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