( Y
Ul®: :■ '
ri'
"Mi
lì'?"
+ h
-:!fi
:i0
i::
8
: +
■ri"
' :'/ui
ÍÜ +
264 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
and procured in Khorasan ; is mentioned also by Ebn Baitar : B. officinalis was observed by Forskal,
and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and according to Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., is employed
medicinally; is known to occur springing up spontaneously at Aleppo (Pers.); was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, in waste places from Cyprus to the Peloponnesus; by Fonskal, in gardens at
Constantinople. Westward, the “ borago” is mentioned by Nicolaus Praepositus, and Matthaeus
Sylvaticus pand. 42; B. officinalis is described by Gerarde p. 653; is termed “ b. floribus cæruleis”
by Tournefort inst. 133 ; was observed by Bertoloni seemingly wild in Italy (A. Dec.) ; and is known
to occur in waste and cultivated ground as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 36). By European colonists,
was carried to Northeast America, where it continues “ sometimes spontaneous in gardens” (A.
Gray) in our Northern States. (See B. Africana).
Asarum Eurofoeum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Br\\.a\n folefoot
ov kasel-wori (Prior) or from blended synonyms asarabacca (Parkins, th. 115), in Germany “ hasel-
wurz,” in Italy “ a sa ro” (Lenz) or at Verona “ baccara ” or “ bacchara ” (Pollin.), in Greece “ asaron”
(Sibth.); in which we recognize the “ asaron” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian “ kërëëran,”
the “ aima arëôs ” of the prophets, and 0 ESAN of Osthanes : — the “ asaron ” is mentioned-in i
Mul. morb. ; by Dioscorides as growing mostly in Pontus, Phrygia, and Illyria, in shaded mountainous
situations and among its leaves having a flower close to the roots ; is also mentioned by Paulus of
Aerina : A. Europæum was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, also in the environs of Constantinople
; and “ asarum ” root imported from Greece was found by Forskal mat. med. used medicinally
in Egypt. Westward, the “ asaron ” was further known to Dioscorides as growing among the
Ouëstinôis" in Italy ; is identified with the “ narthon agrian ” in the added Synonyms, and with the
“ narthon rôustikôum” or “ sôukkinôum ” of the Tuscans, and “ vakhar ” or “ përiprësam ” of
the Romans ; and the account of the “ asarum ” or “ silvestre nardum ” by Pliny xii. 27 is only in
part taken from Dioscorides : A. Europæum is termed “ asarum ” by Tournefort inst. 501 ; is known
to grow in wooded situations from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan., Pers.,
and A. Dec.). Eastward from the Mediterranean, the dried root and leaves of “ asaroon” accordin'
» to Moomina are brought from Syria to Hindustan ; are enumerated by Ainslie mat. ind. as
splrino-ly used there medicinally ; and are called in Sanscrit “ oopana,” in Hindustanee “ tuckir,” in
Telin0 “ cheppoo tatakoo.” The plant’ according to Lindley is called in France “ cabaret,” because
used I t is said by drunkards “ to produce vomiting,” the roots being “ purgative, emetic, and diuretic.”
(See Inula conyza).
“ 4S0, in the S p r in g ” (Clint., and others), departure of Xerxes from Sardis, on his memorable
Invasion of Greece.
The Indian auxiliaries in the army of Xerxes wore garments of cotton “ apo xulôn ; were
armed with bows of bamboo “ kalamina,” the arrows of the same material pointed with iron ; and
were led by Pharnazathres son of Artabatis — (Herod, vii. 65).
The Ethiopians in the army of Xerxes had spears pointed with the sharp horn of the “ thorka-
thôs ” antelope — (Herod, vii. 68). The fashion continues unchanged, and an African spear pointed
with the straight horn of an antelope, is now in the museum at Washington.
Chrysofhyllum ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A lofty tree called “ chenjha ” (Grant) ;
possibly furnishing the wooden portion of the spears in question : — observed by Grant froni “ 5° S
to 3° 15' N.” on the Nile, its wood made into spear-handles, and a sweet drink obtained from its fruit
Phoenix sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A w ild date, perhaps furnishing the bows four cubits
long of i ’O IN lK O S ; s n A B H S carried by the Ethiopians in the army of Xerxes (Herodot. vii. 69)
observed by Grant growing on the hill-sides, having no known uses, its fruit not edible.
On his way, the camels of Xerxes were attacked by lions — (Herodot,).
Alchemilia alpina of mountains in Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece
“ lëôntôpôthiôn” (Sibth.), a name that seems to have arisen when lion-tracks were familiarly known;
— the “ lëontiken” or “ kakalia ” described by Dio.scorides as growing on mountains, having a
straight white stem, ample white leaves, the flower “ vruô ’’-like or resembling that of the olive, may
be compared- A. alpina was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus and in the Peloponnesus.
Westward, the “ leontice” or “ cacalia” is described by Pliny xxv. 85 as growing almost
exclusively on mountains, the seed like diminutive pearls pendent amid large leaves ; A. alpina is
termed “ a. alpina quinquefolii folio subtus argénteo ” by Tournefort inst. 508 ; is known to grow on
the Appenines and mountains of middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Lapp. 61, Engl.
bot. pl. 244, and A . Dec.) Iceland and Greenland (Hook.).
Achemilla vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britairi lady's-man-
tle or lions-paw or livris-foot or padelion (Prior) ; in which we recognize the “ lëôntôpôthiôn ” — or
“ lëukëôrôn” or “ thôris ” or “ thôriktëris ” or “ thôruvëthrôn ” of Syn. Diosc. iii. 100: A. vulgaris
was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus and in the Peloponnesus; is known to grow
also alono- the Taurian mountains and as far as the Altaian (Gmel, Bieb., and Ledeb.). Westward,
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 265
the “ leontopodion ” or “ leuceoron ” or “ doripetron” or “ thorybetron ” is described by Pliny xxvi.
34 as growing in open situations and thin soil, the root “ alvum s is t it :” the “ leonfot” is mentioned
in the Anglo-Saxon translation of Apuleius 8 : A. vulgaris is described by Tournefort inst. 508 ; is
known to grow “ in dry subalpine pastures ” from Switzerland as far as the North cape of Lapland
(fl. Dan. pl. 693, Sab., Wats., and Lindl.), Iceland, Greenland, and Labrador in Lat. 57° (Marlins,
Hook., and A. Dec.). According to Lindley, “ the decoction slightly tonic.”
E v a x pygniaeus of the Mediterranean countries. The Egyptian “ thaphnôinës,” or “ aima
krôkôthëilôu ” or “ krôkômëriôn ” of the prophets, is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ leöntöpö-
thiön,” — described by Dioscorides as a little herb two fingers-breadth high having leaves four
fingers (-breadth) long, whitish and more woolly next the root, blackish flowers in incised terminal
heads, seeds not easily seen on account of the enveloping wool, a small root worn as a love-charm
and to disperse swellings, and referred here by Fraas : E. pygmaeus was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands. Westward, the “ lëôntôpôthiôn”
or “ zöönuhön” or “ aëtônuhôn” or “ këmôs” or “ thamnamënë” or “ ithiöphutön ” or
“ phutövasila ” or “ krössiön ” or “ krössöphtliöön ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with t h e “ minërki-
öum” or “ nëôumatôus” or “ pallathiöum” or “ phlammöula” of the Romans; the “ cemos” according
to Pliny xxvii. 35, from being used only as a charm will be passed in silence; E. pygmaeus is
described by Barrelier pl. 127, is termed “ filago maritima capite folioso ” by Tournefort inst. 454;
and is known to grow in the more Southern parts of Europe (Cav. pl. 36, De.sf, and Pers.).
Glancium phceniceum of the Mediterranean countries. T h e “ lëôntôpëtalôn ” — described by
Dioscorides as growing in cultivated ground, a span or more high with numerous axils, terminal
“ ërëvinthôis’’-like pods containing two or three small seeds, flowers “ phoinika” and “ anëmônë” -
like, “ kramv ë’ ’-like leaves incised as in “ mëkônôs,” identified in the added Synonyms with the
“ lëôntiôn ” or “ luhnis agria ” or “ parthale ” or “ rapëiôn ” or “ mëkôn këratitis ” or “ anëmônë,”
may be compared : G. phoeniceum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in vineyards from the
Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Cyprus ; and by Russel, at Aleppo (Spreng.). Westward,
the “ lëôntôpëtalôn” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ sëmën lëôninôum ” or
“ kôuvilia marina ” or “ papavërkôulôum ” of the Romans; the account of the “ leontopetalon ” or
“ rhapeion ” by Pliny xxv. 72 seems taken from Dioscorides; G. phcenicium is termed “ g. hirsutum
flore phoeniceo ” by Tournefort inst. 254, “ chelidonium corniculatum ” by Linnaeus 724 ; is
known to occur as a weed in Southern Europe, and even as far as London (Curt. lond. vi. pl. 32,
and Pers.).
Leontice leontopetalon of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ tzakrö ” or
“ pourthala” (Sibth.); and possibly "the “ parth alë” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ lëôntôpëtalôn”
— described by Dioscorides, and referred here by Matthioli; L. leontopetalon is termed
“ leontopetalon foliis costæ ramosæ innascentibus ” by Tournefort cor. 49 ; was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the Greek
islands; is known to occur also in Asia Minor (Spreng.). Westward, is described by Camerarius
565, and Barrelier pl. 1029 ; and is known to occur in Italy (Pers.).
Forcing a passage at Thermopylae against the few Spartans under Leonidas, Xerxes entered
Athens. His fleet however after successive naval combats was totally defeated at Salamis by The-
mistodes, leaving the “ empire of the sea ” to the Athenians (Diodor , and Clint.). And before the
close of the year, Xerxes with a portion of his army withdrew into Asia.
“ On the day of the battle of Salamis ” or at least not later (Plerodot. vii. 165, Diodor., and Justin
xix 2), at Himera in Sicily, the Carthaginians totally defeated, and their leader Hamilcar slain ; leaving
three sons, Hanno, Himilco, and Cisco.
“ In tliis y e a r ” (Diodor., and Clint, ii. p. 340), accession of the Archaenactidae dyna.sty at Pantica-
paeum or Bosporus, on the Crimean shore of the Strait leading into the Azof Sea. The city, founded
by Milesians, continued under the rule of Greco-Crimean princes ; and with the district around,
became “ the granary of Greece and especially of Athens.”
“ 479 B. C.” (Herodot, and Clint.), “ ten months” after the occupation by Xerxes, the city of
Athens destroyed by Mardonius. In “ September,” the Persian army under Mardonius defeated at
Plataea by the Greeks under Pausanias. — Soon after this victory (Lubke and Lutrow), building of
the temple to Minerva on Aegina.
Scandix Australis of the East Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous plant called in
Germany “ östlicher korbel,” in Greece “ tzilimönithia ” or “ kaukatithra ” (Fraas) or “ skanthiki ”
(PIoii. B e l l ) ; in which we recognize the “ skanthix” sold according to scandai by the mother of
Euripides — “ thiaskanthikisës ” (Aristoph. ach. 454 to ran. 839, Theopomp., Gell. xv. 20, and Plin.
xxii. 38) : the “ skanthix” is mentioned also as a potherb by Opion, Theophrastus vii. 7. i to 8. i,
Erasistratus, and the “ skanthux ” by Dioscorides as spontaneously-growing and eaten either crude
or cooked : the “ scandix ” is further enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt: