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when visited by Josselyn ; is known to grow from Canada along the Atlantic as far at least as 39° ;
was observed by Short in Kentucky, by Pitcher in Arkansas ; is known to grow also as far as
Vancouver (Hook.), Sitka (Bongard), and Unalaska (Ledeb.). In the Southern Hemi.sphere, was
observed by J. D. Hooker at the Southern extreme of both Africa and America; by C. Gay, in Chili
(A. Dec.) ; has doubtless in some instances been transported by European colonists, but its wide
diffusion seems in part due to adherence to the plumage of water-fowl.
Cynara acaulis of the Mediterranean countries. A stemless kind of artichoke called in Greece
“ agriokinara ” (Sibth.); and the I HI ON of Hippocrates, — identified by Galen with the “ lëukôs
hamailëôn,” may be compared ; the leaves of the “ hamailëôn ” according to Theophrastus vi. 4. 3
to ix. 12. I are not spiny, those the “ lëukôs ” kind being “ skôlumô ’’-like but larger and its head of
flowers like a great thistle close to the ground, the root used medicinally ; the “ hamailëôn lëukôs ” is
alluded to by Nicander ther, 661 ; is described by Dioscorides as stemless with a “ kinara’’-like head
of purplish flowers : C. acaulis is termed “ c. orientalis moschata acaulos foliis jacobææ tenuius incisis
squamis calycis sursum spectantibus ” by Tournefort cor. 31, “ cestrinus carthamoides ” by Cassini,
and “ serratula acaulis” by Decandolle (Steud.) ; was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. Westward,
the account of the “ chameleon candidus ” by Pliny xxi. 56 to xxii. 21 Seems taken from the Greek;
but C. acaulis was observed by Desfontaines pl. 223 in Barbary (Til. pis. pl. 20, and Pers.).
Atractylis guinmifera of the Mediterranean countries. A stemless thistle called in Greece
“ këphalia” (Fraas), in Egyptian “ ëphe r” or “ ëphthôsëphin ” (Syn. Diosc.) : probably the IzION
of Hippocrates, — for the “ hamailëôn lëukôs ” of Syn. Diosc. iii. 8 is identified with the “ ixian,” in
some situations yielding about the roots “ ixôn ” used by the women for mastich : the “ ixia ” of Crete
yielding a gum is mentioned by Theophrastus vi. 4 9 to ix. i. 3, and the “ ixine ” is separately
described as giving out leaves from its root around a central head, like a concealed “ melon,” which
exudes a pleasant-tasted gum, the “ akanthikë mastihe ; ” A. guinmifera was observed by Honorius
Bellu.s, Alpinus, Sibthorp, Sieber cret., Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from Crete and the Peloponnesus
throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the “ ixian” or “ hrusiskëptrôn ” is identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ karthôus ôuarinôus ” of the Romans ; the account of the “ helxine ” by Pliny
xxi. 56 and xxii. 21 seems taken from Theophrastus, and that of the “ ixian,” partly from Syn. Diosc.:
A. gummifera was observed in Italy by Anguillara p. 137, its gum well-flavoured, and the flower-head
preserved with honey and sugar, especially around Urbino; is described also by F. Columna ecph. i.
12; is termed “ cnicus carlinæ folio acaulos gummifer aculeatus flore purpureo ” by Tournefort cor.
33; was observed by Oliver it. gall, in Southern France, by Cavanilles in Spain, by Brotero in Portugal,
and by De.sfontaines in Barbary (Pers., and Spreng.).
Chrysanthemum coronarium of Eastern Asia. Called in Greece “ tzitzimvola” or “ mantalina”
(Sibth.) and the young stems eaten (Fraas), in Egj'pt “ gahvan ” (Forsk. emend.) ; in which we recognize
the BO AN 0 EMON of Hippocrates, — mentioned as coronary by Nicander fr. ii. 59, and identified
by Galen with the “ vôuphthalmôn ” or “ hrusanthëmôn ; ” the “ hrusanthëmôn ” of Dioscorides
growing in the outskirts of towns, its stems edible, leaves multifid, brilliant yellow flowers improving
the complexion in jaundice, and according to the added Synonyms is sometimes called “ vôuphthalmôn
: ” C. coronarium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent along roadsides
and about villages on the Peloponnesus and neighbouring islands ; by Hasselquist, in Palestine ;
and by Forskal, and Delile, at Alexandria in Egypt. Westward, the “ hrusanthëmôn ” or “ halkas ”
or “ halkitin ” or “ halkanthëmôn ” is further identified in Syn, Diosc. with the “ hourzeta” of the
Numidians, “ garôulëôum ” of the Tuscans, and “ kaltham ” of the Romans; the “ buphthalmos ”
with edible stems is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 42 to xxvi. 55, and the “ chrysanthemum ” by him, and
Martial: C. coronarium is termed “ c. foliis matricariæ ” by Tournefort inst. 491 ; and is known to
occur in Switzerland and Sicily (Pers.). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Kaempfer in Japan,
on the mountains beyond Nagasaki and elsewhere and called “ singikf” or “ sungiku,” (See C.
segetum).
Anthemis Valentina of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ matalina” (Forsk.),
by the prophets “ aimôrra ” or “ gônôs Ermou ” or “ gônôs aphthitôs ” or “ Mnësithëôs ” or “ kappa-
kôrania” (Syn. Diosc.) : possibly the “ vôanthëmôn ” of Hippocrates, — but the “ vôuphthalmôn”
is separately mentioned as coronary by Nicander fr. ii. 59 ; is described by Dioscorides as growing
in the open country as well as around towns, its leaves “ marathrô ’’-like, flowers yellow and larger
than in “ anthëmithôs,” improving temporarily the complexion in jaundice ; by Galen fac. simpl. vi.
p. 852, as having flowers of the same shade of colour as “ anthëmithô.s ; ” prescribed also by Paulus
Aegineta, and referred here by Clusius, and Sprengel : the “ bihar ” of Avicenna, or “ bahar ” of Ebn
Baitar, is also referred here by Sprengel, as well as Sontheimer : A . Valentina was observed by
Forskal near Constantinople, and by Chaubard, along the seashore of the Peloponnesus. Westward,
the “ vôuphthalmôn” or “ kahlan ” or “ v.dsamënê” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ narat ” of the Numidians ; and the “ buphthalmos ” or “ cachlam ” is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 42 :
O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . I l l
^ ^ T u p h o rb ia paralias of the Mediterranean seashore. ^ Called fo G r e e c e ^ r t^ O T ^ h fo r t« + r r o s )
'Z Z Z M M l i z z z z ...e .» « io ,. 01 u . . . . .
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i i i i S S S S g S F g M s
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“ U y e a r = “ 1 5 * of Nectanebus,” on the sarcophagus of a person who died in this y e a i -
^ * / J h e same year ( = 01. tot, 3 ” of Diodor., and Blair), an army under Pharnabazus, accompanied
Burmah, but also cultivated and called “ shouk-ta-khwa Corcyra.
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Forskal, and Dehle, in Egypt (but the latter found the name bv
Westward, is described by Morison ii. pl. 21 ; is teime v. s> Furooe as far as Britain
Tournefor! inst. 398; and is known to grow fo Italy, Spam, and middle Europe as far
(Engl. bot. pl. 481, and Pers.).
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