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652 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
an effectual cure (Lindl.) ; is known to grow also on Timor (D ecsne) and as far as Java (Hassk.,and
A. D ec.). Eastward, was observed in the W est Indies by Plumier, Browne, Jacquin amer. 245, and
Descourtilz, but no Carib name is given, and from what is above stated, may have been carried there
by Polynesians. From transported specimens, is described by Plukenet aim. pl. 208. The juice of
the leaves according to Lindley “ is a powerful depilatory,” destroying “ hair wherever it is applied,
without pain.”
“ 944 A. D .” (art de verif.), Motaki deposed; and the accession of Mostakfi, twenty-second
Abbassid khalif.
“ Dec. 20th ” (Sm. b. d.), at Constantinople, the throne recovered from his usurping guardian and
colleague Romanus Lecapinus by Constantinus V II. Porphyrogenitus. By whose direction, Theophanes
Nonnus compiled his medical compendium.
The earliest notice of distilled rose-water p o A O C T a fr n a T O C is by Theophanes Nonnus 97
— (Spreng., and Sm. b. d.).
“ 945 A. D .” A Coptic inscription dated in the “ si.v hundred and si.xty-second year of the Diocletian
era, and three hundred and thirty-fourth of the H ejra” (the two reckonings agreeing with each
other and with the above year) — is mentioned by Champollion-Figeac eg. anc. p. 228.
“ In this year ( = 2d of the khai-yun,” geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. p. 35), Kian succeeded by his
son Wou, now king of Corea.
“ In this year ( = 8th year of the ‘ ten-kei’ of Zu-siak,” ann. Jap. transl. Tits.), Fousiwara-no
Naka fira dj-ing, received the posthumous title of Biwa-no Sadaisin.*
“ 946 A. D.” (A lst., and N icol.), at Rome, Martinus II. succeeded bj; Agapetus II., sixty-fifth
archbishop.
“ May 26th ” (N icol.), Edmund succeeded by Edred, tenth Anglo-Saxon king of England.
“ The same year ” (art de verif.), Mostakfi deposed, and the accession of Mothi, twenty-third
Abbassid khalif. A coin issued by Mothi. is figured in Marcel p. 94.
Mothi was acknowledged by the eunuch Kafur, who governed Egypt in the name of the children
of Ikhschid— (Marcel p. 97).
“ 947 A. D. = I2th year of the ‘ tching-tsin-thian-fou ’ of Kao-tsou IV .,” now head of the new
dynasty of the later Han — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year ” (ann. Jap., and art de verif), Siusaki succeeded by his brother Murakami, fourteenth
son of Dai-go, and now sixty-second dairo of Japan.
Greek manuscripts of about this date (Sylvestre) presenting the following forms of letters, S, y, X,
g, <r, V.
Under Constantinus V II. Porphyrogenitus ( . . . . ) , the Geoponica, Greek agricultural writings,
collected by Cassianus Bassus.
Pinus cembra oi Europe and Northern Asia. Its cones cailed in France “ ceinbrots,” in Italy
“ zermi,” in Germany “ zirbelnusse,” and the nTpoßCKov of the Geoponica xi. r. n — is referred here by
Sprengel: P. cembra is described also by Avicenna 179 (Spreng.), and is knovvn to grow on the mountains
of Switzerland (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, is known to be frequent throughout Northern
Asia as far as the Kurile Islands (Endl., and A. D ec.). Is “ said to yield Carpathian balsam"
(Lindl.).
“ 948 A. D. = ‘ kien-you,’ ist year of Yn-ti, ofth e later Han ” or Nineteenth dynasty — (Chinese
chron. table).
“ The same year ( = 337 A. H. comm. July loth,” Gildem. p. 54), date of an Arabic sepulchral
inscription in the city of Colombo in Ceylon (trans. Asiat. i. 540).
The same year = “ 5th year of Mostakfi,” in an inscription at the gold mines of Gebel Ellaka in
the Ababdeh Desert. The earliest inscription in the current Arabic letters hitherto discovered (Wilk.
theb. and eg. p. 416 and 545).
About this time (“ 909 to 951 ” Krapf trav.), Mukdishu on -the coast of East Africa founded by
Arabs.
“ 950 A. D .” (Munk), the pilgrimage to Mecca again opened.
* Eriobotrya Japónica of Japan. The first part of the above title is derived from this tree —
(Klapr.), called “ biw a” to the present day: E. Japónica was seen in Japan by Kaempfer v. p. 800;
and is described by Thunberg as large and lofty, bearing esculent fruit. Westward, was observed by
Loureiro in China or Cochinchina. But by European colonists may have been carried to Burmali,
where it is enumerated by Mason as “ exotic” and called loquat; and to Hindustan, where it was observed
by Roxburgh, and Graham in gardens, and called loquat or whampee. Clearly by European
colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it is cultivated in elevated situations and called
“ bibassier” (Boj.); to Europe, in the days of Plukenet aim. pl. 371 ; and to Northeast America, where
it has become frequent in greenliouses.
OF ACCOM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 6 5 3
1il
Haly Abbas about this time writing. ’ or Ko-wei, head of the new dynasty of
“ 951 A. D . = ‘ kouang-chun,’ 1st year of Tai-tsou II.
(Ire later Tch eou (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 1
“ 954 A. D. = ‘hien-te,’ ist year of Chi-tsoung, of the later T cheou” or Twentieth dynasty
(Cbinere^chion. succeeded by Edwy or Edwyn, eleventh Anglo-Saxon king of
of the Mediterranean countries. Called in B r i_ t a in /h « ^ ^
tAe-bus% or bishoffs-wort (Prior), in Greece “ mavrôkôkô” or “ porthoferton (Sibth.) ,
reco»nize the b lS C O p V V V rT of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. i, — and a glossary £ £ ‘ •
N dlmascena has been long cultivated in Britain (Curt, mag pl. 22) ; is termed ‘ n angustifolia flore
maiore simplici cæ ruleo” by Tournefort inst. 258 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is
kn!wn to occur in cultivated ground in Southern France and Spam (Pers., and Boj ). Eastward was
teseteed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard frequent in cultivated ground in Greece and on the Greek
islands ; and is enumerated by Ciot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt. By European colonists
was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and has been observed
by A Gray “ nearly spontaneously around gardens ; ” to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed
by Bojer under cultivation as a garden flower. (Compare bishoffis-weed, Ammi majus.)
* Ranunculus acris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain with otjmr sp e r ts buttercup
or kiug-cup or king-cob (Prior), its many-petaled form in France bouton d or (I ers.) the
c fv fV V y 'r T of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 1 0 - is referred here by Cockayne: R. acris ,s
termed “ r. hortensis” by Fuchsius 157 (Spreng.); and is known to grow abundantly througrtut
middle and Northern Europe (Thuil , Dec, fl. fr., and P ers.). Eastward, is knovra to grow on Caucasus
(Bieb.), and in Northern A sia (W ats.) : and thence may have been carried by Kusman colonists
across the Pacific to Norfolk Sound, where it was observed by Mertens. Clearly by Eui opean
tefonists, was carried to Iceland and Greenland (Hook., and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where
it h a s become naturalized, multiplying especially in clearings that have become grass-grown in our
Northern States and Canada, as far even as the central portion of the continent in f f
(Drumm., and Flook.). From its superior height over two allied species, is termed tall buttej-cup
'^ 'E a fn c u lu s gramineus of middle Europe. The r e j n e s fO T raven’s foot of the Anglo-
Saxon transl. Aprd. 2 8 - i s referred here by Cockayne : R. gramineus is descnfed by Luinæus ; and
is known to grow in mountain meads in France and Britain (Gouan, Smith bnt. 11. p. 588, Pers., and
‘^ E a x ifr a o a granulata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Germany “ w eiss steinbrech ’’
(Trag.), and‘the SU nd C O m of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 9 9 -fr o m the figure m manuscript
te is referred here by Cockayne : S. granulata is described by Platearius, Brunfels 185 Tragus u
pl. 180, and Dodoens 316 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ s. rotundifolia alba by Tournefort mst. 252 i^and
is known to grow throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 514, Curt. lond. 1. pl. 30, and I ers.). Eastward,
was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grassy places m the eloponnesus.
Eupatorium cannabinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hemffi
aqrimony (P rior); the h e n e p of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. n 6 — may be compared, the
figure in manuscript V agreeing according to Harley and Cockayne : E. cannabinum is classed under
“ hepatorium ” by Gerarde ; is known to grow in marshy ground throughout middle Europe as far as
Denmark (Tourn. inst. 456, fl. Dan. pl. 745, Engl, bot, pl. 428, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed
by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in shady wet situations from the Peloponnesus to ConstantCiniorspiluem.
acaule of middle and Northern Europe. The VVVdI V T hI i S T e lI ofr ,t,h e AA ngl,o-
Saxon transl. Apul. 111 — m aybe compared with its caulescent form when growing in woods the
figure in manuscript V resembling according to Cockayne C. lanceolatum : C. acaule is descnbed by
Linnæus ; and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan.
pl. 1G11e4n, tViainlla,, aamnda rPeellras .o).f Northern Europe, and farther South on mountains. One or more species
called in Britain fd w o rt (Ifixox); the f e LdpVVPT of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 17, — may be
compared: G. amarella is termed “ g. pratensis flore lanuginoso” by Tournefort mst. 81 ; and is
known to be frequent in Britain, France, and Northern Europe (flor. Dan. pl. 328, Engl. bot. pl. 236,
and Pers.) ; Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in grassy situations on the Bithynian Olympus.
The plant according to Lindley is “ one of the British substitutes for the gentian of the shops.”
Pinguicula vulgaris of Northern Climates. Calleci in Britain butterworl (Prior) : the
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