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Sahna disennas of the East Mediterranean countries. The £ A 6 A I CO A KO C : A 6 YK0 C of
Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 65) may be compared : S. disermas is described by Barrelier pl. 187 ; is termed
“ sclarea syriaca flore albo ” by Tournefort inst. 179; is known to grow in Syria, the odour grateful
(P ers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople.
Cytinns hypodsHs oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ ipocistide ” or “ ipocisto ”
(Lenz), in which we recognize the Yn OKI C T I C o f Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 61), Themison, Servilius
Damocrates, and Andromachus, described by Dioscorides as leafless, yellowish and white, growin»
on the roots ot “ kistou : ” C. hypocistis was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the roots of
different woody species of Cistus in Greece and Crete; and “ hypocistis ” juice from “ Syria,” was
found by Forskal in the drug-shops of Egypt. Westward, the “ upokistis ” or “ kutinos ” or “ thru-
vethron” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ phulfesathg ” of the Numidians; the “ hypocistis” is
mentioned by CeLsus, and is identified with the “ orobethron ” by Pliny xxvi. 31; C. hypocistis is
termed “ h. flore lu teo” by Tournefort cor. 46 ; and is known to grow in Italy, and as far as Portu»al
(Brot., Pers., and Lenz). ®
Euphorbia chamaesyce of the Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. Called in Greece “ ham-
otrivla” (F raas): the XAMAI CYKH of Z op yrus-(O rib. xiv. 62), having according to D ioscorides
prostrate branches full of juice and small lentil-like leaves upon the ground, identified in the added
Synonyms with the “ suken ” or “ meköna aphröthe,” is referred here by writers : E. chamaesyce was
observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in arid stony situations from the Peloponnesus throughout
Greece and the Greek islands; is known to grow also in Mesopotamia and Siberia (P ers)
Westward, the account by Pliny xxiv. 83 of the “ chamaesyce ” seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides '•
E . chamaesyce IS described by Morison x. pl. 2; is termed “ t. exiguus . . . . nummularim folio”
bPye rTs.o, uarnnde fLoretn mz).s t. 87; and is known to grow in Italy, Souther,n France, and Spain (Lam. fl fr ’
Equisetum fluviatile of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ pölutrihi ”
(Sibth.), m Italy “ seo la” or “ setola ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the “ equisetum pinus foliis
sim ilem ” called also “ hippurin” or “ ephedron” or “ anabasin” according to Pliny xxvi. 83: the
i n n O Y P I C o f Zopyrus — (Orib., xiv. 61), growing according to Dioscorides in watery places, its
stems hollow roughish and rigid, of joints inserted one in another, and around them numerous slender
rush-like leaves, identified in the added Synonyms with the “ öphöthran” or “ anavasis” called by
the Romans “ Skunalis,” is referred here by Sprengel: E. fluviatile was observed by Sibthorp, and
Bory, m watery places around Constantinople ancl in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by
Tragus f. 264 ; is termed “ e. palustre longioribus setis ” by Tournefort inst. 533 ; and is known to
grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. 2022).
Peltidea aphlhosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The AfrlXHN on rocks of
Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 62), adhering according to Dioscorides to dewy rocks and by some called
“ vruon,” applied to stop hemorrhage, also healing cutaneous eruptions, is referred here by Spreno-el,
and Lindley: P. aphlhosa was observed by Sibthorp around Athens and on mount Athos. WesT
ward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 10 of the “ aliud genus lichenis” adhering throughout to rocks like
“ m uscus,’ seems in part taken from Dioscorides: P. aphlhosa is termed “ lichenoides dio-itatum
Imte Virens veiTucis nigris notatum” by Dillenius pi. 28. f. to6 ; and is known to grow throughout
Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1119), according to Lindley on “ moist shady alpine rocks
among m oss,” and “ said to be purgative and anthelmintic.”
Peltidea canuia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain ground-liver-
w ori (Prior), yet regarded by Sprengel as possibly included in the “ löihen” of Zopyrus — and
D ioscondes : P. canina was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, growing
upon the ground. Westward, P. canina is termed “ I. pulmonarius saxatilis digitatus major
cinereus” by Tournefort inst. 549, “ lichenoides digitatum cinereum lactucm foliis sinuosis ” by
pDl.i ll2e2n9i9u)s. pl. 27. f. 102; and is known to grow throughout Europe as far as Britain (En»l. bot
Lecanora p a rd la of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The “ feihen” of Zopyrus,—
and D ioscondes, is referred here by Fraas : L. parella was observed by him, and Sibthorp, frequent
on stones from the P.eloponnesus to the Greek islands and Constantinople. Westward, is termed
“ lichenoides leprosum tinctorium scutellis lapidum cancri figura ” by Dillenius pl. 18. f. 10; and is
known to grow throughout Europe as far as Britain (E n g l bot. pl. 727).
“ 97 B. C .” (Jap. centen. comm. 88), accession of Sujin, now tenth dairo of Japan. He is said
to have placed “ the sw ord of Amateraszu-on-kami, the heavenly ancestress of the actual dynasty”
together with her “ mirror and a rounded stone ” in “ the Shiiitoo temple of Ise.”
“ In or about 97 B. C.” (Percev. i. i86), birth of Maadd, son of Adnan and twentieth' pro»enitor of Mohammed.
“ 96 B. C. = ist year of the ‘ tai-chi ’ of Wou-ti ” — (Chinese chron. table).
' r OT.: ..
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A LS A N D P L A N T S. 4 3 7
New Zealand discovered and colonized by Polynesians after the introduction of the cocoa-palm
into the islands of the P acific,— but before the peopling of the Marquesas or Nukahivan Islands
(Hale ethn. expl. exp. 14S).
Phormium tenax oi New Zealand. The N ew Zealand flax, from its abundance and the great»
strength of its fibre, doubtless attracted the attention of the first colonists : — P. tenax was observed
by Cook and Forster ii. pl. 96 in New Zealand in 1773; by myself, frequent there in tlie Northern
district, and much used by the natives. Transported to Europe, is described by the younger Linnæus
204; has been cultivated with more or less success, and according to CIot-Bey was introduced by
the way of France into Egypt. From Europe, was also carried to Northeast America, where it
continues in greenhouses.*
* Barringtonia spedosa of wooded Tropical shores from the Malayan archipelago to Metia
and the Marquesas Islands. A showy flowering tree called in Tagalo “ botong” or “ botongbotong,”
in Bisaya “ botong” or “ bitung” or “ bitoon” (Blanco), in Taheitian and Nukuhivan “ hutu ” (Hale);
known to the first colonists of New Zealand, for missing the accustomed material for seine-floats,
they transferred the Polynesian name “ hutu ” to a kind of pine, Phyllocladus tridiomanoides. — B.
speciosa is known to grow on the Marquesas Islands (P ers.); was observed by myself along the
seashore from Metia to the Feejeean Islands and Sulu, under cultivation on Tongatabu, and staked
around and reserved on the Feejeean Islands, its large buoyant fruit universally used by the
natives for seine-floats; by Blanco, frequent along the seashore of the Philippines, its fruit used as
buoys on fishing-nets ; by Rumphius iii. pl. 114, and Sonnerat, on the Moluccas ; and is knovvn to
grow as far as China (Pers.).
Inocarpns edulis of wooded Tropical shores from the Moluccas to Taheiti. The Taheiti nut
is a large tree called on Taheiti “ lata?” or “ rata” (Hale); was known to the first colonists of New
Zealand, for in its absence they transferred the Polynesian name to Metrosideros robusta. — I. edulis
was observed by Cook and Forster n. gen. 33 on T ah eiti; by myself, dearly indigenous near the
sea throughout the Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, planted besides in some
instances; is known to grow also on the N ew Hebrides and New Guinea, where “ the natives
smear the heads of their arrows with the expressed resinous juice” (D on) ; and was observed by
Rumphius i. pl. 65 indigenous on the Moluccas. By European colonists, was carried to the Hawaiian
Islands, young stocks “ brought from T ah eiti” seen by myself in the garden of a resident
W hite; to Hindustan (Roxb. cor. iii. pl. 263), and by Nimmo in 1833 to the environs of Bombay
(Graham).
Tetragonia expansa of New Zealand. The N ew Zealand spinadi, herbaceous spreading and
broad-leaved, doubtless met with by the first colonists: — observed in New Zealand by Forster,
and termed “ t. halimifolia ; ” by myself, frequent there along the seashore exclusively maritime, but
I did not learn that any use was made of it by the natives. In the Northern Hemisphere, was seen
~by Thunberg in Japan (Pers., and Steud.). Transported to Europe, is described by Scopoli del. i.
pl. 14, and Pallas hort. demid. pl. i ; and by European colonists was carried to Hindustan, observed
by Graham “ in gardens Bomlray, rare,” forming “ a much better spinach than the Amaranthacem in
common use among the natives.”
Artocarpus incisa of the Malayan archipelago. The breadfruit tree is called on Taheiti “ maiore ”
(Bertero), in Taheitian Mangarevan and Paumotuan “ maiore,” in Hawaiian “ aeiore,” in Nukahivan
Mangarevan Tarawan and Tongan “ mai ?” or “ m ei” (Hale); known to the first colonists of New
Zealand, for they transferred the name “ mai ” to the edible cones of a tree of the pine kind. — A.
incisa was observed by Mendana in 1598 on the Nukahivan or Marquesas Islands (Dalrymp., and
hist, coll Am. iv. 238) ; by Forster, on other Polynesian islands : by Dampier, and Anson, on Tinian
and the Ladrone Islands; by Sonnerat p l 57 to 60, on New Guinea; by Rumphius i.p. H2, on
Celebes and the Moluccas (A. D ec.); the seedless variety, by myself under cultivation on the
Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands; a variety, with leaves less-incised
and large seeds that are “ not known to ripen,” under cultivation also on the Samoan and Feejeean
Islands. Farther West, the “ intercised” leaves and seedless fruit erroneously attributed by Nicolo
Conti to the jack-tree may belong to the breadfruit: a tree growing wild on Banda is regarded by
Rumphius i. p l 34 as the origin : and a variety, “ full of seeds ” and “ of no value,” was found by
Mason v. 462 “ exotic ” in Burmah, cultivated “ in a few gardens at Tavoy and Maulmain.” By Bligh
“ in 1793,” the seedless breadfruit was carried from the islands of the Pacific to the West Indies; by
Sonnerat voy. too, to the Mauritius Islands ; by Europeans also, to the environs of Bombay (Graham,
and myself) ; to Bengal (Roxburgh) ; and to Burmah, “ cultivated at Penang, and has recently been
introduced into M ergui” (Mason).
Podocarpus ferruginea of New Zealand. A Coniferous or pine-like tree that soon attracted the
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