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of Lake Winnipeg; and according to Hooker, grows as far as the sources of the Columbia on the
Rocky mountains. Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann par. i (Spreng.), and Miller.
Its ornamental wood has become well known in commerce.
Oxycoccus inacrocarpon of Northeast America. The American cranberry called by the Nara-
gansetts “ sasemineash,” — known to R. Williams as “ another sharp cooling fruit, growing in fresh
waters all the winter, excellent in conserve against fevers: ” * O. macrocarpon is also distinctly
and on the roots it is said that in former times the natives would subsist “ for a long time in their war
and hunting excursions” — (Cutl. p. 432) : A. nudicaulis was received by Hooker from the Rocky
mountains and 64° throughout Canada ; was observed by E. James along the base of the Rocky mountains;
by Lapylaie, on Newfoundland; by myselt, as far as 42° along the Atlantic; by Darlington,
at 40°; by Pursh, on the Alleghanies of North Carolina (El., and Chapm.), Transported to Europe,
is described by Plukenet aim. pl. 138. f. 5.
Vhccinium corymbosum of Northeast America. The tall Blueberry, its fruit doubtless included
among the “ sky-coloured bill-berries ” dried by the New England natives, — enumerated by Josselyn
rar. 60 ; V. corymbosum has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 44° to 38° ; by Pursh,
from Canada to Virginia; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, on “margins of ponds and
swamps, Florida, and northward ; ” by Croom, as far as 30° 30'; by Baldwin to 30°; and by Short, in
Kentucky. From transported specimens, described by Linnæus.
Vaccinium fuscatum, possibly a distinct species, its leaves more pubescent and fruit black, though
similar in flavour, has been observed by myself accompanying the preceding as far at least as 39°.
Vaccinium vacillans of Northeast America. The green-bark blueberry, only a foot or two high,
its fruit inferior, but doubtless included among the “ sky-coloured bill-berries” dried by the New
England natives—(Joss. rar. 60): observed by myselt along the Atlantic from 44° to 38°; by
Schweinitz, at 36°; by Pursh, from Virginia to Carolina (Ell.). From transported specimens,
described by Solander (A. Gray).
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum of Northeast America. The d w a rf ox low blueberry, its fruit doubtless
included among the dried “ sky-coloured bill-berries” — (Joss. rar. 60) : V. Pennsylvanicum is
known to grow in Labrador (Pers.) ; was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland; by myself, along
the Atlantic to nearly 41° ; by Pursh, from New England to Virginia ; by Michaux, in Georgia (Ell.).
From transported specimens, described by Lamarck.
Vaccinium (Gaylussacia) frondosa of Northeast America. The dangleberry or blue huckleberry,
doubtless included among the “ sky-coloured bill-berries ” dried by the New England natives — (Joss,
rar. 60) : G. frondosa has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 43° to 38° ; by Schweinitz,
at 36° ; by Pursh, from New Jersey to Carolina ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Baldwin, as far as
31°; by Chapman, in “ low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward; ” by Short, in Kentucky.
From transported specimens, described by Linnæus.
Vaccinium (Gaylussacia) resinosa of Northeast America. The huckleberry, known from early
times : the “ attitaash ” oi the Narragansetts consisted of “ whortleberries ” of “ diverse sorts,” some
“ sweet like currants,” and these when dried called “ sautiash,” beat to powder and mingled “ with
their parched meal” made “ a delicate dish” £ . Will.) ; the “ sa’té” of the Abnaki on the Penobscot
“ frais sans etre secs, lorsq’ils s’t secs, sikisa’tar,” — are enumerated by Rasle diet. : “ hurtle-
beryes” were seen by Newport on James river, and “ hurts” by Strachey: G. resinosa has been
observed by myself along the Atlantic from Lat. 44° to 38°; by Schweinito, at 36"; by Pursh, from
Canada to Carolina; by Elliot, on the mountains of Carolina and Georgia; and by Short, in Kentucky.
Transported to Europe, is described by Wangenheim amer. pl. 30, and Aiton ii, 12 (Pers.).
* Viburnum oxycoccus of Canada. The tree-cranherry brought from the Northward and planted,
may prove the “ wuchipoquameneash ” of the Narragansetts, — described by K. Williams as “ a kind
of sharp fruit like a barberry in taste : ” V. oxycoccus is termed “ v. trilobum ” by Marshall, “ v. opulus
pimina” by Michaux (Steud.) ; was observed by Pursh from Canada to the mountains of New York
and New Jersey ; by myself, from 47° 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to about 45° in Northern New
England; by Long’s Expedition, from Lake Superior to Pembina; by Drummond, to fort Cumberland,
54°; and according to Hooker, grows as far as the Arctic Circle, Rocky mountains, and the
Columbia river. Continues to be sometimes cultivated for its acid edible fruit. Transportecl to
Europe, is termed “ v. opulus Americanum ” by Aiton (Steud.).
Specularia perfoliata of North America. Brought perhaps by the natives lo New England,
as it often occurs as a weed in cultivated ground : observed by niyself from 43° to 40° along the
Atlantic, and introduced with cultivation at the mission-station 011 the Kooskoosky in Oregon ; by
Beck, at St. Louis on the Mississippi ; Try Michaux i. 108, in cultivated ground (Pers.) ; by Elliot in
“ cultivated ground ” in South Carolina ; by Baldwin, and Croom, as far as “ Fort George ” in Florida ;
described by Josselyn, its berries being much used both by natives and colonists : was observed by
Lapylaie in Newfoundland, ceasing at 49° ; by myself, in bogs and marshes from 47° on the Lower
St. Lawrence to beyond 42° ; by Pursh, from Canada to the mountains of Virginia ; by Chapman, in
by Chapman, in “ fields, Florida to Mississippi ; ” was received by Kunth from Xalapa 750 and the
mountains of Mexico; and according to Nuttall has been found in Peru. Transported to Europe,
is described by Morison 5. pl. 2 f. 23 (Pers.).
R um ex altissimus of Northeast America. A species of water dock, its root from early times
used by the natives “ with great success in cleansing foul ulcers,” —further observed by Cutler p. 436
“ in muddy bottom brooks, not common ; ” by myself on the marshy borders of streams from 48° on
the Lower St Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic; by Mead, at Peekskill N. Y. ; and according to
A. Gray, grows as far as “ Illinois and westward.”
Cornus sericea of North America. A large shrub called by the natives in Maine by a name
signifying “ squaw-bush” (Williamson i. 125), in Central New York “ kinnikinnik ” (A. Gray) ; and
from early times, fish-nets made of its twigs, and its inner bark approved as a substitute for tobacco,
as far even as the Columbia river— (R. Brown jun., and Tuckerm. in archæol. Am. iv. 191) ; observed
by Pursh from Canada to Carolina; by myself, around Monadnock and on the margin of Wenham
swamp, the berries blue; by A. Gray, in “ wet places, common” in Central New York ; by Schweinitz,
at 36° in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of South Carolina ; by Chapman, in
“ low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward ; ” by Darby 205, in Opelousas ; by Pitcher, on
the Arkansas ; by Beck, at 40° in Illinois ; and by Douglas, on the Columbia river (Hook.). Medicinal
properties are attributed to this shrub in the American edition of Rees cycl.
Juglans cinerea of Northeast America. The butternut, called by the Narragansetts “ wussoquat,”
and from early times, “ excellent oil, good for many uses but especially for the anointing of their
heads,” procured from “ these walnuts ” (R. Will, key 16), for seasoning their aliments (according to
F. A, Michaux) : “ noyers” called “ quaheya ” and “ noix” called “ daheya,” — were seen by Cartier
around Chaleur Bay and along the St. Lawrence : J. cinerea, according to Kahn, ceases not far North
of Quebec ; has been observed by myself from 47° 30' to 42° along the Atlantic ; by others, as far as,
40°; by A. Gray, “ common” in Central New York ; by Pursh, as far as Virginia ; by Schweinitz at
36° in Upper Carolina; by F. A. Michaux, in Kentucky; by Long’s Expedition ii. 114 to 235, not
North of48° beyond Lake Superior; by Baldwin, at 39° on the Missouri; by Nuttall, along the
Arkansas ; by Darby, a single tree at 31° in Opelousas. Sometimes planted for ornament. “ Of the
chips ” according to R. Williams, “ the bark taken off, some English in the country make excellent
beer, both for taste, strength, colour, and inoffensive opening operation.”
A lnus glauca of Northeast America. The speckled alder : “ alder-bark chewed fasting ” applied
to wounds by the New England natives,—and by the first colonists to wounds, bruises, and burns
(Joss. 49) : A. ghauca has been observed by myself from 47° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 41° 30' ;
by Nuttall, at Cambridge near Boston; by Pursh, in New England and on the mountains of Pennsylvania
; by F. A. Michaux, not uncommon in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts, rare in
the Middle States, and wanting in the Southern; according to A. Gray, is “ the common alder northward
from New England to Wisconsin.”
A lnus undulata of Canada. A shrub somewhat lower than the preceding, possibly included in
the chewed “ alder-bark ” applied to wounds by the natives — (Joss. 49); observed by Lapyl lie at
52’ on Newfoundland ; by Michaux, in Canada (Steud.) ; by myself, from 47° 30' on the Lower St.
Lawrence to 44° on the White mountains. Transported to Europe, is termed “ b. crispa” by Aiton
(Pers.).
A lnus serrulata of Northeast America. The smooth alder, probably included in the “ alder-bark
chewed fasting ” applied to wounds by the New England natives — (Joss. 49) : “ aliiis " were seen by
W. Morell near Plymouth ; the “ alder ” on the Hudson, by the remonstrants against Stuyvesant : -A.,
serrulata, by myself from 42“ 30' near Boston to 38° in the Delaware peninsula 1 by Schweinitz, at
36°; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, on “ banks of streams, Florida, and northward:”
by F, A. Michaux, in the Northern, Middle, and Western States ; and according to .A. Gray, is “ the
common alder from Southern New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and .southw.ml."
Betula lenta of Northeast America. “ Birch white and black: the bark of birch " used by the
New England natives for bruises and wounds, “ boyled very tender and siami't betwixt two stones to
a plaister, and the decoction thereof poured into the wound” — (Joss, rar. 51) : B. lenta, called black
birch or cherry birch, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland only in the Sonth ; by F. A. Michaux,
from Nova Scotia and Maine to Maryland, and 011 the .Alleglianios to Georgia, but not seen in Kentucky
nor Tennessee ; by myself along the Atlantic to 42°, and by vMliors as far as 40°: by Schweinitz
at 36° in Upper Carolina; and according to A. Gray, grows from •• .New England to Ohio ind north