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Phleum alpinum of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. A grass called in
Sweden “ fiall-kampe ” (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed “ gramen typhoïdes alpinum
spica nigra brevi” by Burser (Mart. 498) and Rudbeck elys. i. pl. 8 (Linn.), “ g. typhoïdes alpinum
spica brevi densa et veluti villosa” by Scheuchzer prodr. pi. 3 ; known to grow in Britain (Engl. bot.
pl. 519), and on the Alps and Pyrenees (Dec.) ; observed by Linnæus frequent on the mountains of
Lapland; by Haller 1529, on the’ Swiss Alps; by Savi, on the Appenines; by Sibthorp, on the Bithynian
Olympus; is known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.), and in Siberia (Wats.). Westwaid, was
observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by myself, on the summits of the White mouMains of New England
; is known to grow in Greenland and Labrador (Wats.), and in Unalaska (Kunth).
Alopecurus geniculatus of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in some English works Jiote grass
(Prior), in Norland “ stakra,” in Sweden “ kiarr-kafle ” (Linn.), a £ known from early times: —
termed “ gramen aquaticum geniculalum spicatum” by C. Bauhin pin. 3 and theatr. 41, “ alopecuius
ciilmo infracto aristis gluma longioribus ” by Royer lugdb. 54 (Linn.) : known to occur in North
Africa, Ireland, Russia'(Wats.), Siberia, and Japan (Kunth) ; observed by Linnæus in wet meads in
Sweden, and floating on the lakes of Lapland. Westward, was observed by Hooker m Iceland ; by
myself, in wet places in the outskirts of Salem, Mass., clearly introduced ; by Chapman, m “ wet
cultivated grounds, Florida and northward ; ” by Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, in
Arkansas ; and received by Hooker fl. bor. am. from Canada and the Northwest.
Milium effusum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A fragrant woodland grass called
in different parts of Sweden “ myskegras ” or “ luktgras ” or “ haslebrodd ” or “ amur” (Lmn.), and
known from early times : — termed “ miliaceum gramen” by Lobel pl. 3, “ gramen sylvaticum panícula
miliacea sparsa” by C. Bauhin pin. 8 and theatr. 141 (Linn.), and by Tournefort inst 523;
known to grow from Lapland and Russia to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan, pl. 1143, Curt lond. ro. pi.
I» and Wats.), also in Siberia (Kunth) ; observed by Plooker in Iceland; by Rudbeck, and Linnæus,
in Sweden; by Decandolle, in France ; by Savi, in Etruria ; by Sibthorp, in woods on Cyprus ;
and by Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains. (“M. glaucum” of North America, observed by
Nuttall in West Pennsylvania, by myself on the White mountains, and according to A. Gray “ common
northward,” is possibly not distinct.) ^ .
Avrostis spica-vcnti of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in different
parts OT Sweden “ kiosa” or “ hwen” or “ aker-when” (Linn.), and known from early times: —
termed “ gramen capillatum ” by Bauhin hist ii. 462, described also by Royer lugd. 59 (Lmn.);
known to occur about cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Scheuchz. hist. 144, and Pers.) ;
observed by Linnæus in Sweden, a frequent weed in rye-fields ; by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus.
Westward, an Agrostis with long upright awns has been observed by myself on the border of cultivated
ground around Salem, Mass.
Catabrosa aquatica of Europe and Northern Asia. .Called in s o m e English works
(Prior) in Sweden “ kiarr-tatel ” ( L i n n . ) , a n d k n o w n from early times :—termed “ gramen caninum
supinum paniculatum dulce” by C. Bauhin pin. 2 and theatr. 13 (Linn.), “ g. paniculatum aquaticum
miliaceum” by Tournefort in.st 521, and Vaillant paris. pl. 17, “ aira aquatica” by Lmnæus, and “ poa
airoides” by Koeler (Pers.) : known to grow throughout middle Europe (Ray angl. iii. 402, Curt,
lond. i. pl. 5, and Wats.), along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), on Caucasus, and in Siberia (Kunth);
was observed by Linnæus in Sweden, about springs and pools as far as Upsal ; by Sibthorp, ami
Chaubard, in watery places in Greece as far as the Peloponnesus. Westward, was observed by
Hooker in Iceland ; according to Kunth, grows in North America, and accordmg to Watson in both
British America and the United States. ^ „ 1 :i
A ira canescens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called m Sweden ‘borst-tatel
(Linn.), and known from early times : — termed “ gramen foliis junceis radice jubata” and “ g. spre-
teum variegatum ” by C. Bauhin pin. S and theatr. 72 to 74 (Linn.), “ g. paniculatum capillaceo foho
minimum” by Tournefort inst. 523 and herb. (Smith) : known to grow in sandy situations throughout
middle Europe (Roy. lugd. 60, Engl. bot. pl. 1190, and Pers.) ; observed by Lmnæus in Sweden,
in sandy fields as far as Scania ; by Sibthorp, in the maritime sand of Achaia.
Mélica ciliata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden gru.s-
slok” (Linn.), and known from early limes : —termed “ gramen avenaceum montanum lanuginosum
bv C. Bauhin pin. to and theatr. 156 (Linn.), and by Tournefort inst. 524, “ mélica floribus liomon-
taliter patentibus ” by Royer lugd. 57 ; known to grow throughout middle Europe (Scheuch. alp. pl-
4 and Pers.) ; observed by Linnæus in Gothland and Sweden, becoming rare in Scania; by 1-orska
o’n Imros ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the hills of Greece as far as the Peloponnesus.
Sesleria cærulea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain moor grass
(Prior), in Sweden “ elf-exing” (Linn.), and known from early times : —termed “ gramen glumis
variis” by C. Bauhin pin. 10 and prodr. 21 and theatr. 158, “ g. spicatum glumis variis ” by
fort inst 519, “ cynosurus cæruleus ” by Linnæus ; known to grow in mountainous situations througnout
middle Europe (Ray angl. iii. 339, Scheuch. hist. 83, Arduin. pl. 6, Pers., and Engl, bot, pl. 1613) ;
observed by Linnæus in meads in Sweden ; by Scopoli 189, in Carniolia ; and by Sibthorp, on mount
Parnassus. ^ „ 1 • c a Poa alpina of the Arctic region and mountain summits farther South. A grass called in Sweden
“ fiall-groe ” (Linn.), and known from early times : — described by Dalibard, and known to grow on
the Alps and Pyrenees (Dec.) ; also in Britain, Russia (Engl. bot. pl. 1003, and Wats.), and on Caucasus
(Kunth) ; termed “ gramen inontanum spica foliácea graminea” by Scheuchzer alp. 38 pl. 4;
observed by Linnæus in Lapland, its viviparous form continuing even under cultivation; by Sibthorp,
on tlie Bithynian Olympus. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; is known to grow in Greenland, and
Britisli America (Wats.) ; and was received by Kunth both from North America and the Falkland
Islands. „ Poa nemoralis of Northern Europe and Asia. A woodland grass called in Sweden “ lund-groe
(Linn ), and known from early times : —described by Scheuchzer gram. 164 pl. 2, and termed “ gramen
sylvaticum panicula tenui e raris locustis composita” by Dillenius sp. 57: known to grow from
Lapland to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pl. 1265, Pers., and Wats.), also 011 Caucasus, and in Siberia
(Kunth) ; observed by Linnæus in Sweden, in woods at the base of mountains; by Sibthorp, in
woods near Constantinople. Westward, was received by Hooker from the Saskatchewan and Slave
river, —is known to grow in Russian America (Wats.), and var. “ glauca” was observed by Hooker
in Iceland (Kunth) ; (but the species growing in woods from “ New England to Wisconsin,” a £
observed by Nuttall near Philadelphia, is regarded by A. Gray as distinct and termed “ p. alsodes ”).
Poa decumbens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A low grass called in Sweden
“ ax-swingel” (Linn,), and known from early times termed “ gramen triticeum palustre humilius
spica mutica breviore” by Morison iii. 177 pl. I, “ g. avenaceum parvum procumbens paniculis non
aristatis ” by Plukenet aim. pl. 34, and Tournefort inst. 525, “ festuca decumbens ” by Linnæus :
known to grow throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 792, and Pers,); was observed
by Linnæus in Sweden, in sterile pasture-land as far as Scania and Upland; by Sibthorp, in the
environs of Constantinople.
' Bromus tectorzini of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden “ tak-
losta ” (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed “ festuca avenacea sterilis humilior ” by C.
Bauhin pin. 10 and theatr. 148, “ gramen avenaceum locustis villosis angustis candicantibus et aristatis”
by Tournefort inst. 526, and Scheuchzer gram. 254: known to grow on barren hills and on walls
and roofs throughout middle Europe (Leers pl. 10, and Pers.) ; observed by Linnæus in flelds and
along their margin in arid soil, and covering the roofs of houses in Upsal ; by Forskal, at Constantinople
; and by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, around Athens and in the Peloponnesus.
Promus pinnatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woodland grass called in
Sweden “ sparr-losta ” (Linn ), and known from early times : — termed “ gramen spica brizæ majus ”
by C. Bauhin pin. g and prodr. tg, “ g. loliaceum altissimum spica brizæ perlonga aristis brevtous
donata” by Tournefort inst. 517 ; and known to grow in grass-patches in woods throughout middle
Europe (Rudb. elys. i. pl. 80, Flail, Engl. bot. pl. 730, and Pers.); observed by Bromelius 40 in woods
in Gothland; by Linnæus in mountainous situations as far as Upland; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
frequent in woods in shaded situations in the Peloponnesus and Greek islands.
Equisetum sylvaticum of Northern climates. Called in Sweden “ graiigras ” or “ hastgroning,”
and from early times esteemed there as feed for horses — (Hagstrom, and Linn.) : termed equisetum
sylvaticum” by Tabernæmontanus 562) “ e. s. tenuissimis setis” by C. Bauhin pin. 16 and theatr.
145, and known to grow througliout Northern and middle Europe (Rudbeck the younger el\s. i. pl.
124, Roy. lugdb. 496, and Engl. bot. pl. 1874) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, froni
Greece and Cyprus to Constantinople. Westward, by myself from the Lower St. Lawrence to 42°
30 along the Atlantic; by Drummond, at 54° on the Saskatchewan near Fort Cumberland; and
according to A. Gray is “ common northward” from central New York.
As early perhaps as this year (see addit. art de verif.), expedition of the Inca Huayna Capac
against Tumpiz and the countries beyond under the Equator, after assurance of success from the oracle
at Pachacamac and the speaking statue in the valley of the Rimac.
“ Feb., 1477 ” (Columb. mem., and Rafn. antiq Amer.), visit of Columbus to Iceland ; in a ship
“ from Bristol, England.” Columbus according to his own account, sailed a “ hundred leagues beyond
Tliuld ” called Frislanda to “ Lat. 73° and an island as large as England where the English come to
trade ” (art de verif. contin.).
Theodorus Gaza translating Theophrastus into Latin. — He died “ in 1478.”
Polygonum fagopyntm of'Eastern Tartary. The buckwheat, called in Esthonian “ tatrikat’’ or
“ tattar,'ft iii Polish or Bohemian “ tatarka ” in Italy “ faggina,” in different parts of Spain “ fajol” or
“ alforjón” or “ alforfón” (Mor., and A. Dec.), in Japan “ kjo” or usu-illy “ soba” (Thunb.) ; .and the
“ trioiiuin,” a name given by Theodorus Gaza — apparently from the triangular seeds, is identified oy
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