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869 B. C. = “ 2d year of Pekhi ” or Pamai, on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19).
One hundred and third generation. May ist, 867, mostly beyond youth :
865 B. C. (859 y. 4 mo. -j- “ 7th y e a r ” of Phoenician annals in Jos. c. A .), accession at Tyre of
Pygmalion as Phoenician king ; aged nine ( = “ 56 — 47 ”), and who reigned “ forty-seven ” years.
About 861 B. C. ( = 981 — “ 120 years ” of Veil. Patere, i. 7), a date for Hesiod, possibly marking
that of some of the Hesiodic poems. The Theogony at least seems included in the alleged
derivation of Greek mythology from Homer and Hesiod not more than “ four hundred ” years before
Herodotus ii. 53.
859 B. C. ( = 1002 y. i i6 / r d. — “ 143 y. 8 mo.” of Phoenician annals in Jos. c. A .) , Carthage
founded by Elissa also called Dido, a fugitive sister of Pygmalion. (The date is confirmed by the
silence of Homer respecting Carthage, and by the Phoenicians under Cambyses refusing to make
war against their Carthaginian descendants, Herodot. iii. 19).
Glattcinm Iuteum of the seashore of the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as the Baltic. Called
in Britain sea poppy or horned poppy (Prior), in Italy “ papavero marino” or “ papavero cornuto”
(Lenz), in Greece “ ualopikra ” (Fraa.s) ; in which we recognize the “ mekön këratitis ” identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ sisimaka” of the Numidians ; — the “ mekön këratitis ” is mentioned by Theophrastus
ix. 12 ; by Dioscorides. as growing on the seashore, the flowers yellowish, and the fruit
long and curved like a horn ; G. Iuteum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on
the seashore of Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, the “ mekön këratitis” or “ paraliön” or
“ agrian meköna ” or “ thalassion ” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ pavöulöum mari-
noum” of the Romans; the wild “ papaver” called “ ceratitin” or “ paralion” or “ glaucion ” is
mentioned by Pliny xx. 78 as growing on the seashore ; G. Iuteum is described by Tragus 46 ; is
termed “ g. flore luteo” by Tournefort inst. 254 ; and is known to grow in Italy, and along the Atlantic
as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pl. 585, Wahl. p. 1082, and A. Dec.). By European colonists, was carried
to Northeast America, where according to A. Gray it continues in “ waste places, Maryland and
Virginia, not common.”
Erodium malachoides of the Mediterranean countries. A species of heron's b ill called in Egypt
“ djarna” or “ garna ” (Forsk.), the seeming origin of the Greek word “ gëraniôn : ” the “ gëraniôn
ëtërôn,” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ iëgk ” or perhaps “ iësk ” of the Numidians, — and described
by Dioscorides as of no medicinal use, having projections resembling a crane’s head and bill,
and “ malahe’’-like leaves, is referred here by Sibthorp : E. malachoides was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands and Cyprus ; by Forskal
p. 123, and Delile, in Egypt, extending into the Desert and sought as feed by sheep, goats, and
camels. Westward, the account of the “ geranion " of the Greeks with leaves somewhat “ candidiori-
bus ” than those of “ malvae ” seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : E. malachoides is described
by Matthioli p. 624 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ g. folio althæa” by Tournefort inst. 268 ; was observed by
Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to grow also in Italy, Spain, and on the Canary Islands (Cav. iv.
pl. 91, and Pers.).
Geranium tuberosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ k âlôgë rô s” (Fraas),
and the “ gëraniôn” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ ië sk ë ” of the Numidians, — mentioned also
by Theophrastus, . . . Athenaeus, Paulus Aegineta, by Dioscorides as having a roundish sweet
edible root and “ anémone ’’-like leaves, is referred here by writers : G. tuberosum was observed by
Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus, a frequent weed in cultivated ground.
Westward, the “ geranion” with “ anemones” leaves is mentioned together with additional medicinal
properties by Pliny xxvi. 68 and 90; G. tuberosum is described by Matthioli, Anguillara, Dodoens,
and Lobel; is termed “ g. tuberosum majus” by Tournefort inst. 267; and is known to occur in
Dalmatia and Italy (Cav. iv. pl. 78, Pers., and Spreng.).
Tragium Columnae of the Mediterranean countries. The “ tragiSn a llô ” identified in. Syn.
Diosc. with the “ ahoiösim” of the Numidians or “ sôvër ” of the Egyptians,— growing according
to Dioscorides in mountainous and precipitous situations, its leaves in autumn emitting a goat-like
odour, is referred here by Columna, and Sprengel: T. Columnae was observed in Greece by Link,
and Gittard (Bory). Westward, the “ tragion a lio ” or “ tragôkërôs” or “ skörpiön” o r “ garganön”
is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ sa lia ” of the Dacians, and “ kornoulaka” or “ vitôuënsa” of
the Romans ; T. Columnae was observed by Columna phyt. pl, 17 in Italy, and by Villars ii. p. 605
in Southern France (Pers.).
Bunium ferulaceum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called by the Turks “ topana,” a
name adopted by the Greeks (Sibth.), and the “ giggithion” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ tir ik ta ” of the Numidians or “ thörusaströu ” of the Egyptians or “ athöriöu” of the Syr ians,—
produced according lo Dioscorides chiefly in Syria and Cilicia, a little herb resembling “ staphulinö
agriö,” its whitish and bitterish root eaten both crude and cooked; mentioned also by Galen fac.
alim. ii. p. 640, and Paulus Aegineta, may be compared: B. ferulaceum is termed “ bulbocastanum
1 9 7
creticum ferulas folio semine oblongo” by Tournefort cor. 21 ; was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated
ground on Cyprus, its root cooked and eaten. Westward, the “ giggithiSn” or “ lëpithiôn” is identified
in Syn. bio sc . with the “ visaköutöum ” of the Romans ; but seems known to Pliny xx. 16 only
as cultivated in Syria, much resembling “ staphylino ” and possessing the same properties.
Euphorbia apios of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ hamaiputhia ” (Belon) or
“ phlömaki” (Sibth.) : the “ ap ios” or “ ishas” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ thorphath sa th e ”
of the Numidians, — and mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 9. 5, by Dioscorides as a low plant with
a pear-shaped root whose upper portion is emetic and the lower purgative, the whole producing
combined effects, is referred here by writers : E. apios was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, on the mountains of Crete and Greece, its root to the present day employed among the peasantry
for the purposes described by Dioscorides. Westward, the “ a p io s ” or “ hamaivalanon” or
“ linözöstin” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ rathix silvëstris ” of the Romans; the account
by Pliny xxvi. 46 of the “ apios is ch a s ” or “ raphanos a gria ” or “ raphanum siivestrem” seems
chiefly taken from Dioscorides; E, apios is described by Clusius hist. ii. pl. 190; and is termed
“ tithymalus tuberosa pyriformi radice” by C. Bauhin pin. 292, and Tournefort inst. 87.
Thelygonum cynocrambe of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ tz in gak i” or
“ xinköhörtön ” (Sibth.) or “ xungiöhortön ” ( = axungia, F ra as ); and the “ kunia ” identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ armas” or “ asoumëslavôn ” of the Numidians, — and described by Dioscorides
as two span high, tender and whitish, with small round fruit close to the leaves, is referred here
by Flonorius Bellus : the “ kunia ” is further identified in Syn. Diosc, with the “ kunôkramvë ” or
“ linözöstis agria arrën: ” T. cynocrambe was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in shaded
rock-clefts in Crete and Southern Greece. Westward, is described by Bauhin prodr. 59, and Bar-
relier pl. 33s ; is termed “ cynocrambe Dioscoridis ” by Tournefort cor. 52, “ t. alsinoideum ” by
Lamarck fl. fr. ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in other parts of
Southern Europe (Pers.). Eastward from the Mediterranean, is said to occur also in the East
Indies (Pers.).
Crepis biennis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The “ sithilëas” of the Numidians
— Identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ sôghitën ” of the Greeks and “ lampöuka ” of the Romans,
also the kind of wild “ lactuca ” called “ hieraciam ” by Pliny xx. 26, and the “ lactuca sylvatica ”
of Apuleius Barbaras, are referred here by Fuchsius pl. 319, and Matthioli : C. biennis was observed
by Matthioli pl. frequent in Italy ; is termed “ hieracium maximum chondrillæ folio asperum ” by
Tournefort inst. 470; is known to grow throughout mjddle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and
Engl. bot. pl. 149). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in the district around Constantinople.
Scorzonera laciniata? of the Mediterranean countries. The “ sithilësathë of the Numidians,—
also called “ sôghitën ” by the Greeks, and further identified through Syn. Diosc. with the “ iërakiôn
mikron” of Dioscorides and “ intuvöum agrëstëm ” of the Romans, is referred here by Fuchsius pl.
320, and Matthioli : S. laciniata was observed by Matthioli pl. frequent in Italy; is termed “ s. lacini-
atis foliis ” by Tournefort inst. 477 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr.,
Jacq. austr. pl. 356, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to
Constantinople.
Chrysocoma linosyris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain goldilocks
(Prior), in Germany “ goldhaar,” in Italy “ spilli d’oro di foglia stretta ” (Lenz) ; in which we recognize
the “ hrusôkômë ” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ thouvath ” or “ vöurhöumath ” of the
Numidians, — and described by Dioscorides as a span high, growing in stony and shaded places:
C. linosyris was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the “ hrusôkômë
” or “ hrusitis ” or “ hrusanthëmôn” or “ amarantön ” or “ thios pögön” is identified in Syn.
Diosc. with the “ iovis varva ” of the Romans; the “ chrysocome” or “ chrysitis” is said by Pliny
xxi. 26 and 85 to have no Latin name ; C. linosyris was observed in Italy by Columna ecphr. i. p. 81 ;
is described also by C. Bauhin; is termed “ conyza linariæ fo lio ” by Tournefort inst. 455; and is
known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Engl, bot. pl. 2505).
Plantago psyllium of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ psullöhörtön ” (Sibth.) ;
in which we recognize the “ psulliôn ” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ öuargöugöum ” of the
Numidians,— and described by Dioscorides as growing in waste and cultivated ground, its seeds
resembling fleas, mentioned also by Galen : P. psyllium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, a frequent weed in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout
the Greek islands to Constantinople. Farther South, seeds were observed by Forskal mat. med.
p. 167, and Delile, in the drug-shops of Egypt and called “ qotneh,” in which we recognize the
“ kutuna” of Rhazes, and “ kuthuna s e e d s ” of Ebn Baitar. Westward, the “ psulliôn” or “ psul-
lëris ” or “ kataphusis ” or “ krustallion ” or “ kunokëphaliôn ” or “ kunomuna” or “ sikëliôtikôn ”
is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ konithiis ” of the Sicilians, and “ silvakioum ” or “ ërva