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5 5 6 CH RO NOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Aconitum antho?-a of the Pyrenees and mountains of middle Europe as far as Siberia. The
M ITU R fe of Marcellas — (Dod. pempt. ill. 4. 14), or “ anthora” growing according to Matthæus
Sylvalicus in the same situations with the “ tora” and an antidote to its poison, its flowers “ subrubei ”
(Caesalp. xiv. 8), mentioned also by Simon Januensis, and Arnoldus Villanova, is referred here by
writers : A. anthora is described also by Clusius hist. ii. pl. 98 ; is known to grow on the Pyrenees
(Pall, it, and Steud.) and mountains of Switzerland (Jacq. austr. pl. 3S2, Pers., and Hausman fl.
Tyrol i. 31) confined apparently to calcareous soil (Mohl, and A. Dec.). “ A. Pallasii ” is regarded
by Lindley as a variety only.
Ranunculus aconitifulius of the mountains of middle Europe. One or more species is called
in Britain bolt (Prior) ; and the h € R b Km called in Gaul b L u T lh ä iG G IO , growing according to
Marcellus 9 LOClS h um IÔ IS, its juice instilled in the ear, — may be compared: the “ b olle” is
translated “ petilum, tribulum” by Galfridus pr. pm.; R. aconitifolius is termed “ pie di cornacchia”
by Matthioli ; is known to grow along streams on the mountains of Switzerland, the flowers white
(Willd. p. 1316, Curt. mag. pl. 204), the double-floxyered variety is called in France “ bouton d’argent ”
(P ers.).
Impatiens balsamina of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. Called in Britain balsam, in
France “ balsamine” (Nugent), in Germany “ balsamine” (Grieb), by .the Turks “ knatziziëk” (Forsk.),
in Egypt “ areteneh ” (Ciot-Bey) ; in which we recognize the b LS 2im I whose seeds are prescribed
by Marcellus 20, — and one of the ornamental flowers whose culture is enjoined by Charlemagne:
I. balsamina is described by Fuchsius pl. 190, Matthioli, and Cæsalpinus vi. 68 ; is well known in
the gardens of Europe (Blackw., and Pers.) ; was observed by Forskal in the gardens of Constantinople;
by Ciot-Bey,.in those of Egypt; and by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen. Farther East,
was observed by Rheede ix. pl. 52 in Malabar ; by Graham, “ everywhere ” around Bombay “ towards
the close of the rains” and called “ teerd a;” by Mason v. 433 and 764, “ exotic’' in Burmah but
abounding both cultivated and springing up spontaneously. By European colonists, was carried lo
Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower.
M alva althæoides of the Mediterranean countries. Annual: yet possibly the bruised or ground
root of the m è, LVà.e G R feeC 2se 2cL b Y e prescribed against colic by Marcellus 27 : — M. althæoides
was observed by Cavanilles ii. pl. 135 in Spain, the flowers white (P ers.); by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus aud Attica.
A’rarjfra az-z/inîrzj-of the Mediterranean countries The bR âtS S IC èie € R R3,T I Cè.6 of Marcellus
10, the juice of its bruised root to be inserted in the nose, — may be compared : also the “ perfoliata
sive herba umbilicorum” of the Ortus sanitatis pi. 350 : B. arvensis is termed “ b. campestris
perfoliata flore purpureo ” by Tournefort inst. 220; is known to occur in moist cultivated ground in
Southern Europe (P ers.); was observed by Boccone pl. 25 in Sicily; by Sibthorp, in the moist
cultivated fields of Greece.
Malcolmia maritima of the shores of the Mediterranean. Called in France “ giroflée de Mahon”
(P ers.): the K e R ä, T I T 1 Ô 0 S, an heR ba^m that we call VIOLfetn m Y R IN fem , prescribed by
Marcellus 27, — m aybe compared: M. maritima is termed “ hesperis maritima supina exigua ” by
Tournefort inst. 223 ; is known to grow wild on the seashore of France, and is besides cultivated to
ornament lawns. Eastward, by Forskal, and Sibthorp, on the seashore of Greece and the Greek
islands as far as the Dardanelles ; by Chaubard, inland in the Peloijonnesus colouring the ground
in patches with its rose-violet flowers by Forskal, tlie “ cheiranthus Chius.? foliis dentatis siliquis
subulatis ” in the gardens of Egypt. “ C. lyratus” with pods “ erectiusculis rigidis pungentibus,”
observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus, is regarded by Chaubard as probably not distinct.
Draba vem a of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain w hitlow grass or nailwort
(Prior); and the U N G U lN SsL lS of Marceilus — may be compared: D. verna was observed by
Sibthorp in sunny situations from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; is known to grow also about Cavi-
casus (B ieb.). Westward, is described by Brunfels ii. 34, Lobel adv. p. 196 and obs. p. 249, Thalius
pl. 7 (Spreng.), and Parkinson th. p. 556 ; is termed “ alysson vulgare polygon! folio caule nuclo ”
by Tournefort inst. 217; - and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far
as Denmark and Iceland (fl. Dan. pl. 983, Hook., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried
to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized from upper Carolina (Chapm.) throughout
our middle and Northern States, but according to A. Gray is “ not found north of Lower
Canada.”
Saxifraga tridactylites of Europe and Northern Asia. Also called in Britain w hitlow grass
and nailw ort (Prior); and possibly included in the “ unguinalis” of Marcellus: — S. tridactylites
was observed by Sibthorp, ancl Bory, frequent in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by
Lobel pl. 469 (Bory) ; is termed “ s. verna annua humilior” by Tournefort inst. 252; and is known
to grow in Italy and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Pers.,
Hook., Dec., and Wats.).
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 5 5 7
Trifolimn repens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ triphulli”
(Sibth.), in Britain white clover or Dutch clover, in Ireland shamrock or “ seamr-og ” holy trefoil;
in which we recognize the Celtic name of clover V ISUm ScR U S sheep-sumar in Marcellus 3 — (Prior):
T. repens was-observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in grassy situations from Crete and the Peloponnesus
to Cyprus and Constantinople; is known to grow also about Caucasus (Bieb.) and the
Talusch mountains, and throughout Siberia as far as Lake Baikal (Gmel., and Ledeb.). Westward,
the “ hwite clxfran ” is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Leechbook i. 20. 21 (Cockayne); is termed
“ t. pratense album ” by Tournefort inst. 404; is known to grow in Barbary (Boiss. i. p. 170) and
throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pl. 990, Hook., and
Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira and the Azores (Lem., and Wats.) ; to
Jamaica (D ec.) ; to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, multiplying especially
in grassy clearings; to Austral Africa (Meyer, and A. D ec.); and to New Zealand, as verified by
myself.
E rvum hirsutuin of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain tine-tare from
enclosing and imprisoning other plants, in Anglo-Saxon “ tynan” (Prior); and the h eR b j, Tl N I
M IC fe of Marcellus 17 — may be compared: E. hirsutum is termed “ vicia minima” by Tragus
(Spreng.), “ v. segetum cum siliquis plurimis hirsutis” by Tournefort inst. 397; and is known to
occur as a weed in grain-fields in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan.
pl. 639, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople.
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to occur sparingly in
waste and cultivated ground from Massachusetts to Virginia and Carolina (R a f, A. Gray, Chapm.,
and myself).
Potentilla comai'um of Northern climates. Called in Bútava purple-wort ox purple marshwort
or purple marshlock {Vriox) ; and the I N T H I Ó I S h € R b &.€ growing in h U rm I Ó I S LO C ISpre-
scribed by Marcellus 17 — may be compared: P. comarum is described by Plukenet phyt. pl. 212;
was observed by Scopoli in North Italy ; and is known to grow in marshy ground throughout middle
and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Crantz, Gilibert, Lamarck fl. fr., fl. Dan. pl. 636, and Wats.);
was observed by Pallas between the Yenisei and B aikal; and by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. W estward,
by Hooker on Iceland ; is known to grow on Greenland; was observed by Lapylaie from Lat.
52° on Newfoundland; by Michaux, from Hudson Bay to Quebec; by myself, along the Atlantic
as far as 42° ; by Torrey to 41°; by Nuttall, as far West as the Missouri ; by Mertens, at Norfolk
Sound on the Pacific; and is known to grow from Bear Lake to Bering’s Straits (H ook.). Has been
used medicinally, according to W. Coles simpl. 27 as “ an excellent remedy against the purples ”
(Prior).
Cirsium lanceolatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The juice of the h £R b
CfeRÓLII Z cG R eS T lS expressed in a mortar, prescribed by Marcellus 6, — may be compared : also
the “ scearpe thistel ” of the Anglo-Saxon Leechbook lii. 12: C. lanceolatus is termed “ c. lanceatus
latifolius” by Tournefort inst. 440; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia, by Forskal on Malta ; and
is known to occur in North Africa (Wats.), and in waste and fallow ground throughout middle and
Northern Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pl. 1173, and Pers.). Eastward, was observedby Sibthorp
around Constantinople; and is known to occur in cultivated ground in the Tauro-Caspian countries
(B ieb.). By European colomsts, was carried to Iceland (H ook.) ; and to Northeast America,
where it has become naturalized, though chiefly occurring along roadsides and in fallow ground as far
South according to Chapman as Augusta on the Savannah.
Artemisia vatksiaca of Western Europe. The ¿„b S IN T H II GZuLLlCI prescribed by Marcellus
15 — may be compared : A. vallesiaca is termed “ absinthium vallesiacum tenuifolium candidum
sive herba alba ” by Bauhin hist. 179 ; is known to grow in sandy situations in Italy, Switzerland,
France, and Spain (A ll, Lam., and Pers.) : and is enumerated by Lindley among medicinal plants.
Primula auricula of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain French cowslip or from
the shape of its leaves bear’s-ears, in medieval Latin “ ursi auricula” (Prior); and the h e R b i.m
called in Gaul V€R N 6T Ll S according to Marcellus 9, its juice to be instilled in the ear, — may be
compared : P. auricula is described by Gesner, and Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is known to grow wild in
alpine situations in Switzerland and France (Jacq. austr. pl. 405, Villars ii. 469, Pers., and Beckm.).
Transferred to gardens, it has become a favourite flower, cultivated under numerous varieties throughout
Europe, and has been carried to Northeast America.
Lathnxa squamaria of middle Europe. From the tooth-like scales at the base of the stem called
in Britain/wViirarf (Prior); ancl the h 6 R b 6 p 60 U N C U L5„ R I Scfi S I C C 2c e prescribed by Marcellus
8 — may be compared. L. squamaria is termed “ squamaria orobanche” by Scopoli, “ clandestina
penduliflora” by Lamarck fl. fr. (Steud.) ; and is known to grow in deep shade as far as
Britain and Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 136, and P ers.).
Convallaria majalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wood lily
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