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5 6 2 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Islands non. (H.nie) ; the “ hal-trees ” of the Mahavamsa n. p. 3 0 - may be compared : M. citri-
foha was observed by Rheede i. p l 52 in Malabar; by Graham, “ common in Bombay, extensively
cultivated in Kandesh, Berar, Surat, and about Punderpore,” its roots “ used in dyiire; ” by Drurv
the scarlet dye “ exported in large quantities from Malabar to Guzerat and the northern part of Him
doostan; ^ by Roxburgh, and Wight, the tree occurring as far as Coromandel; by Mason v. ire
exotic m Burmah, cultivated for the red dye obtained from the roots ; i.s known to occur in Anani
Its fruit used medicinally; was observed by Bontius 97, and Rumphius iii. pl. 99, in the Malayan
archipelago, by myself to all appearance indigenous there; bv Blanco, on the Philippines
Farther East, by myself seemingly indigenous on the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, ancl Taheitian
island.s, occurring also throughout the Paumotuan coral-archipelago, but on the Hawaiian Islands
only cultivated and naturalized, its root further ascertained by Rich to be used for dyeiire by Poly
nesians. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by Bojer on the Seychelles and G allete but by
European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated.
I J 0 ‘ftf year” (Augustin., and Chnt.), at Carthage, conferences with the Donatists ■ “ two
hundred and seventy nine ” Donatist bishops being present; and “ two ■hundred and licas partis,” including Augustinus. sixty-six Catho-
“ 412 A. D T (Socrat, and Clint.), Theophilus bishop of Alexandria succeeded by Cvrillus.
twentie2t3hd ddaaiyr oo fo f1 Jsta pluanna. t.” (ann. Jap., and Klapr.), Fan-sio succeeded by his brother'In-kio, now
“ Nov. 2 is t ” (Percev. i. 244 to 415), commencement of the Naci era of the Arabs.
“ 413 A. D .” (Prosp., Blair, and C lint), commencement under Gundicar of the Burgundian kin»- dom ; Westward of the Upper Rhine. »
At this time, lake-temples dedicated to local deities in various parts of Northern and middle
Europe; one being menlioned m the following inscription found at Autun in Biiro-undy “ licnos
conte.xtos-ieuru Anvalonnacu canecosedlon,” - the last word translated “ domum lacustrem’” “ lake-
house by A. Pictet (Troyon p. 19S). Gregorius of Tours glor. confes. ii, speaks of a lake on
Mount Hfoanus m Gevaudan having been an object of worship ; furious storms arising on the occasion
of offerings, the phenomenon ceasing only after a church had been built near by and the neonie
converted to Christianity: again In miracul. ii., he speaks of a sacred fountain and lake at Brioude
sur 1 Allier, mto which the people cast the idols after their conversion to Christianity. A pit filled
with water and consecrated lo demons at Vierzon among the Bituriges, is mentioned in the life of
St. Sulpice de Lourges (act. Benedict, ii. p. 172) : and Gervasius Tilberiensis (Leibniz i. 982) speaks
of an invisible palace of demons on Mount Cavagum in Catalogne, in a lake, into which if a stone be
thrown a storm at once arises : the superstition of storms arising from throwing a stone into a lake
also occurs in tlie traditions of Germany and Finland (Grimm mythol. Deutsche 38S)
II / “ to- 4, Plate, and Clint.), at Suza, a fire-temple destroyed by
the Christian bishop Abdas. Who, when ordered by king Yesdejerd to rebuild it, refused, and was
put to death. Some persecutions against Christians ensued in Persia.
m u rdted AHxandria, Hypatia daughter of the philosopher Theon,
C r t-r t /ra«« of Tropical Hindu.stan, Burmah, and the Malayan Archipelago. An Eo-yptian
harp made of la s t Indian mahogany, — was seen by Rosseline in Florence (athemeum July - d 1837
and Royle antiq. hind. med. p. 130). Eastward, C. toona is called in Bengalee “ too n ” o r ^ lo o d ’’
(Lm dl,); IS described by Rumphius iii. pl. 39; was observed by Graham in “ ravines at Kandalla
the beautiful timber IS not inferior to mahogany, the flowers are used in My.sore in dyin» cotton ?
beautiful red colour, while the bark is considered equal ” to that of the Soymida “ as an antiperiodical
m fevers ; and ^cording to Roxburgh cor. iii. pl. 238, Wight, and Lindley, the trunk is “ erect of a
great size and height,” the “ bark a powerful astringent, and though not bitter, a tolerably »cod’ substitute
for Peruvian bark” in “ remitting and intermitting fevers,” Farther East, enum'erated by
M asonv. p. S3 9 asfou n d b y N uth all“ in Aracan,” by McClelland “ in Pegu,” and furnishing the
toon timber of commerce : observed also by Blume bydr, 199, and Horsfield in Java
“ The same year” (Pro,sp and Qint.), death of Ataulphus in Spain, and Sigericus elected king ot the Goths. After “ seven days,” he was succeeded by Vallia or Wallia
“ « 7 A. D .” (Olympiodor., and Clint.), marriage of the Roman general Constantius with Pla-
cidia, daughter of Theodosius and widow of the Gothic king Ataulphus.
R om te'^° ’ H icol.), Innocentius succeeded by Zosimus, thirty-ninth bishop of
bK y the Go1ths "; ■w”h7o ®’r®e*t-u’ rning into G™au lS, pr"etcoe>i v«etdo tVharnoudgahli aCnodn sAtalanntiiu ds etfheea tpedro avnindc ne eoafr Alyq euxittaernmiai,n fartoemd
Tolosa to the ocean. Their king Walha dying in this year, succeeded by Theodores
On the “ fourteenth of the Calends of August ” (Marcellin., and Clint.), eclipse o/th e sun.
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A LS A N D P L A N T S. 5 6 3
“ The same year” (Prosp., and Clint), the decree of a synod at Carthage against Pelagius submitted
to the bishop of Rome ; approved by Zosimus, and everywhere accepted by the churches. A
synod at Carthage afterwards assembled, Augustinus and Prosper being present (Alst. pp. 344 and
368), and a decree issued, That no appeal, nor any authority over the African bishops should henceforward
be conceded to the bishops of Rome.
Appuleius Barbarus possibly identical with L. Appuleius ,M. Mago mentioned by Augustinus —
(Gesen. inscript. phoen. 383).
Thalictruin aquiiegifolium of middle and Eastern Europe. A species of meadow-rue ; and the
e R y p h lO N called by the Italians RuTà^m S xQ R eS T em , having according to Apuleius Barbarus
126 the form of Y p I I and the flower p u R p u R e S Im lL e m , — mentioned also by Serapion
(Trag. 335), may be compared: T. aquiiegifolium is described by Dodoens (Spreng.); is termed
“ t. alpinum aquilegias foliis florum staminibus purpurascentibus ” by Tournefort inst. 270 ; “ t. atro-
purpureum ” by Jacquin austr, pl. 348 : is known to grow on the mountains of Austria and Switzerland
(Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in woods from the Peloponnesus lo mount Haemus.
Potentilla tormentilla of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain septfoil
(Prior) ; in which we recognize the “ seofenleafe ” identified in the Anglo-Saxon version with the
h e p T fe p h y lL O N or S e p T I F O L lu m o f Apuleius Barbarus 118 : — the “ tormentilla ” is mentioned
in tlie Liber Saladini, and the Ortus Sanitatis pl. 4S1 : P. tormentilla is termed “ t. sylvestris
” by Tournefort inst. 298 ; is known to grow in Britain, Denmark, and throughout middle Europe
(fl. Dan. pi. 589, Engl. bot. pl. 863, Vill. delph., and Pers.). The root according to Lindley is “ very
astringent,” and “ produces its astringent effects without causing excitement.”
Trichodesma A fricana of the Egyptian portion of the Desert. An herb called in Egypt “ lus-
seq ” or “ horreyq ” (Forsk., and D el.); in which we recognize the C 0 R R 2.Q 0 given as the original
name of borage by Apuleius Barbarus, — also the “ horraik ” identified by Ebn Baitar with the “ banat
elnar” of Elbasri, and others : T. Africana was observed by Forskal, and Delile, as far North as
Cairo, growing in the Desert. •
Scorzonera rcsedifolia of Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ lago-
psömi ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ jamrur ” (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the L2-C T U C fe L epO R IN à,
of Apuleius Barbarus 113: — S. reseclifolia was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Southern
Greece ; by Forskal p 144, and Delile, growing in the Egyptian Desert. Westward, by Boccone
xiii. pl. 7 in Sicily, by Desfontaines ii. p. 226 in Barbary, is known to grow also in Spain and France
(Pers., and Steud.).
Picridium vulgare of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ tou lagou to psömi ”
(Sibth.), and possibly included in the “ lactuca leporina ” of Apuleius ; — P. vulgare was observed by
Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Asia Minor and Cyprus to the Greek islands and the Peloponnesus.
Westward, is described by Lobel pl. 236; is termed sonchus “ lævis angustifolius” by
Tournefort inst. 475 ; and is known to grow in Barbary and Southern France (Allioni ped. pl. i6;
Lam. fl. fr., Pers,, and Steud.).
Nepeta catarla of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain nep or cat-mint
(Ainsw., and Prior), in Italy “ cataiia ” or “ erba gattaria ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the “ nepte”
identified in the Anglo-Saxon translation with the N e p iT ftm O N of Apuleius Barbarus 95 : — the
“ nepeta” of the capitularia of Charlemagne is referred here by Antony, and Sprengel; is mentioned
also by Walafridus Strabus p. 225; and the “ nepite,” by Nicolaus Præpositus 126: N . catarla is
described by Brunfels pl. (Spreng. præf.), Dodoens i. 4. 14, and Gerarde p. 544 ; is termed “ cataría
major vulgaris by Tournefort inst. 202; is known to occur in waste places in Italy and throughout
middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan, pl. 580, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by
Sibthorp around Constantinople. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Joss.) to Northeast
America, where it has become frequent around dwellings and along roadsides, and is called catnip.
In conformity with the statement of Dodoens I have found it perhaps the only plant noticed by
cats, and have seen them smell and rub against it: according to Lindley, “ it is said to have been
advantageously exhibited in amenorhcea.”
D igitaria sanguinalis of the Malayan archipelago. A grass called in Germany “ hahnenbein”
(cocksleg), in which we recognize the CRUSQf eLLi of Apuleius Barbarus 45, — identified in the
Anglo-Saxon version with the “ attorlathe,” mentioned also in the Leechbook, and from figures in
manuscripts G. T. A. referred here by Cockayne : the “ venich ” of Hildegarde, is also referred here
by Sprengel: D. sanguinalis was once regukirly cultivated in Europe (B eckm .); but was growing
spontaneously in Britain in the time of Gerarde p. 25, Parkinson, and Ray, as after occasional introduction
to the present day (W ats.) ; is described by Lobel pl., and Camerarius pl. . . ; is termed “ gramen
dactylon folio latiore ” by Tournefort inst. 520 ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary ; and
IS known to occur in waste ground in various parts of Europe, as in Northwestern France and the
outlying Jersey isles (Schreb. pl. 16, Leers pl, 2, Curt. lond. iv. pl. 7, Pers., Piquet, and A. D ec.).
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