“ peonia” or “ peonia maschia” (Lenz), in Greece “ legounia” (Sibth.) or “ makos” (Fraas). Also
employed medicinally by the Chinese throughout all antiquity — (Cibot) : known to grow in Siberia
(Pers., Pall., Bieb., and Steud.). Westward, the “ paionia arren ” is distinguished by Dioscorides,
and according to Pliny xxvii. 60 grows also in the woods of Italy : P. corallina is described by Morison
xii. pl. I, is termed “ p. folio nigricante splendido qum mas” by Tournefort inst. 273 ; was observed
by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains ot Greece ; by Lenz, in I ta ly ; is known to occur cultivated
and naturalized throughout middle Europe, and from “ 1803” naturalized in Britain (Engl. bot. pl.
1513, Wats., and A. Dec.).
Artemisia vulgaris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain mugwort, in Anglo-Saxon
“ mug-wyrt” or “ mucg-wyrt,” in old English “ modirwort,” in TElfric’s glossary “ matrum herba,” by
Maccr Floridus “ herbarum matrem ” (Prior), in France “ arraoise ” (Nugent), in Germany “ rautter-
kraut” (Grieb), in China “ y-tsao,” and known there throughout all antiquity,— for medicinal properties
so highly esteemed as to be regarded the herb of physicians, employed besides for various
novel purposes, and growing in all the provinces (Cibot mem. Chin, v) : carried aboriginally to Java
(Zoll.) and Hindustan (Dec. prodr. vi. p. 112), but known to grow wild in Northeastern Asia and
throughout Siberia (Ledeb., and Wats.). Farther West, the “ artemisia” was named after Artemis
Ilithya, or according to others its original name “ parthenis” was changed in honour of Artemisia
(Plin. xxv. 36) ; the “ metrbas artbmisias ” is mentioned by Heras (Galen comp. med. gen. vii. 14) ;
A . vulgaris is termed “ a. vulgaris major” by Tournefort inst. 460; is known to occur in waste places
around Caucasus (Bieb.), was observed by Sibthorp around Bursa and Smyrna and in shaded situations
in Northern Greece; is known lo occur in Italy (Ten. p. 419), and in waste and cultivated
ground as far as Lapland (Pers., and Fries). By European (or possibly Asiatic) colonists, was
carried to North America, where it now occurs from the Arctic circle throughout Canada, having
reached California before the voyage of Beechey (Plook., and Arn.) ; was observed by myself naturalized
along the Lower St. Lawrence ; and by Pursh, and A. Gray, in “ waste places near dwellin
g s ” in our Northern States. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa (A.
Dec. : see A. arborescens and A. campestris).
The name of king Nuantef IV. occurs on a vase (now in the possession “ of Dr. J.
L e e ” ), and on other contemporaneous monuments — (Glid. analect, and Leps. k. pl.
II and 68) : and is in about this place in the chamber of kings at Karnak.
“ Second year of Ranebter ” or Nuantef IV., the latest date in his reign found on the
monuments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 555).
Sixtieth generation. Jan. ist, 2300, mostly beyond youth :
“ 2297 B. C. ( = 6is t year of Yao,” according to the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. p. 35), the Great
inundation. Tikou or Tiko, a grandson of Tchouan-hiu, may have been at this date reigning. He
introduced polygamy into C h in a : — where the institution continues to the present day (see Pauth.).
Otiartes, a Chaldean of Lancharis or Laranchis, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Alex. Polyhist.,
Eu.seb., and'Syncell.).
After ruling China “ ten ” years, Ti-tchi dethroned by the principal men. The name of the years
changed from “ nian ” to “ tsai ” (Amyot, and Pauth. p. 31 and 475).
“ 2285 B. C. (Chinese chron. table), “ Chun associated in the government by Yao.” The accession
of Yao himself can hardly be placed earlier than this date (see below).
I he institution of the drum and tablet for giving advice to the emperor, established by Yao : —
or according to some authorities, by his colleague and successor Chun.
Quotations regarded as belonging to the time of the Chinese emperor Yao have been preserved
in the Chou-king (Pauth.) ; and if genuine, are the earliest transmitted writings.
The title of a king whose name remains unknown, occurs in a contemporaneous
inscription in the quarries at Hamamat (Leps. d. ii. pl. 150, and k. pl. 11).
“ In the time o f Thang-Yao ” (hist. Cor., and Klapr.), the Coreans having neither
chiefs nor king, a supernatural man descended under a “ than-mou ” or santal tree and
was made king. He was called Than-kiun, and resided first at Ping-jang, — but afterwards
A l
removed to Pi-yS ; where his descendants reigned nearly a thousand years.
“ 2277 B. C. ( = 8 i s t year of Yao and 9th year of the association of Chun,” Chinese chron.
table), beginning of the Seventh cycle.
On the Egyptian monuments, antmal-headed gods make their first appearance (compare Leps.
d. ii. pl. 1 19, 144, and 150).
2669 B. C. ( = 2210 “ 16 43. years ” of both Maneth. tables), accession of the Eleventh
I dynasty, a Theban dynasty.
The name of king “ Nacht-en-ra,” not found on contemporaneous monuments, — occurs
I in about this place in the chamber at Karnak.
Sixty-first generation. May ist, 2267, mostly beyond youth :
. R C = is t year of Yu-Chun ” (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. p. 38); Chun now sole
ror He abolished the practice of mutilating criminals : marking the face, cutting o
contemporaneous monuments. - He is placed next in order of succession by Lepsius
C. = “ 6th year of Chun” ( . . . . Pauth. p. 38). v isit of the emperor
- Chui! to the four mountains Yo, at the four cardinal points of China, to offer sacrifices
syn ce ll. ^ monuments, - i s placed next in order of
on
succession by Lepsius k. pl. I I . . . .
Sixtv-second generation. Sept. is t, 2234, mostly beyond y o u th ; , „ , , „
Deluge of Xisuthrus : and accession of Euechous, a Chaldean, as king at Ba y (
~ s Clin., I. p , « - 4 m, ► S g x t - K - * «
of the s'eries of Babylonian astronomical O b s e r v a t i o n s ; -v to o n r o d on the spot by Callisthenes, an
sent by him to Artototl^ papyrus 0 ving
“ a l l ) , /qeggjq Amnluemes, head of the TwelRh d ^ a s t y ^ a No ^ x n
d y l s t y . Amunemhat appears to have commenced the
name occurs on contemporaneous monuments, m the quarries ‘‘f
mamat - (Birch) ; also somewhat later, in the Second tomb at Benihassan (observed
2218 I I L “ g l y l r of Amunemhat ” on another stela ; the latest date in his reign found o
the rnonurnems / / f J i f t / l e are attributed to Amunemhat. The E g y p& n p r^ e rb s
Am o n g ^ i e x t a n t | P> ’ g^^^ewhat resemble those of Solomon ; and (^cording to
g l d l r o s " ), foe l e l y in g s a n d l c t l L of distinguished men, were read aloud to the Egyptian
" " " '2 2 1 7 B. C. = 39th year of Chun, and 8th year of the association of Yu ” (Chinese chron. table),
beginning of the Eighth cycle. ______________
l1 and,m“ arrk. j ;It jma-y trnerreior. e ue uuac A d = IQO v. 3 mo.
? 3 ^ l " . l l e « y i l i i - i l c i l g i H i s o ! in the l ly p t ia n Chronicie, and in the Euseb.-
t r i n l h r o n i c l e - l m 9 X 2 - h 6 i X 2 ; Manetho’s general numbers giving
1 T o l l + “ i6 - l o o years ” = 2209, and foe Euseb.-Maneth. table giving besides
V B T ^ I “ 1T3 + 250 + 245 years ” = 2211), AmmSnSmes succeeded by his son S6sogh6-
b l r t i M S l l l t r b t o i h i “ fo r ty fo v i” o n * fo foe t I I u l !p y lu s .^ ° T h i a m e of king
occurs on fo ‘ able !a t A 0 dos.
i i a r ° e e i n t , r : u ; g the names of Amunemhat and Sesurtesen written in vertical columns
a u i n i o i i o associated, - to Wen-Wang, “ one thousand” years are reckoned by
Mencius (Du Halde d yn^ ty of the H i a -
(Chinese chron.' table). An inscription attributed to Yu, is now known to be of much later date
inventor of an intoxicating fermented liquor or of alcoholic distillation, banished by the