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5 3 0 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Greece nor on Caucasus (B ieb., C. A. Mey., Ledeb., and A. D ec.), but D. rotundifolia is known
to grow on Lebanon (Schlecht ), on the Altaian mountains and throughout Siberia (Gmel, and
Ledeb.). Farther East, is known to grow on Unalascha and at Norfolk Sound on the Pacific coast
of America (Cham., and Mert.), also on the Rocky mountains in Lat. 54° (Drumm.) and from the
Arctic Circle to Newfoundland (Hook.), Kentucky (Short), and throughout our Atlantic States to
Lat. 31° in P'lorida (Baldw., and Chapm.).
Thlaspi saxatile of the East Mediterranean countries. The-G-A A C TT I : K P H TI KON of Galen
— is identified by Caesalpinus viii. 77 with a species growing in scraggy places on mount St Julian,
and having “ subrubentes ” flowers: T. saxatile is termed “ t. parvum saxatile flore rubente” by
Tournefort inst. 212; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus and on mount
H ym ettus; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 236, and Pers.).
Ligusticum levisticum of the Appenines. Called in Britain lovage, by Galfridus pr. pm. “ love-
ache,” in Germany “ liebstbckel,” in France “ levesche ” (Prior), in Italy “ ligustico” or “ levi.stico”
(Lenz), in which we recognize the A I B Y C TI K 0 N of Galen top. vii. 6, — “ levisticum ” of the capitularia
of Charlemagne, and “ lybisticum ” hurtful to the eyes according to Walafridus Strabus: L.
levisticum is described by Brunfels, Tragus, and Morison ix. pl. 3 ; is known to grow on the Appenines
(Pers., and Lenz), and is well known In gardens throughout Europe. Eastward, seems known
in Greece, being translated “ ligustikon” in Koromelas lex.: farther South, the “ kaschim rumi ” of
Tiaduk, Ebn Masawia, Eljuz, I. E. Amran, Ebn Masah, and Rhazes, identified by Ebn Baitar with
the •‘ligustikon,” is referred here by Sontheimer; and L. levisticum was observed by Pococke in
Palestine. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under
cultivation in gardens. (See L. nodiflorum).
Centaurea (Phaponlicum) rhapont.ca of Switzerland. The PH OY of Galen fac. sim pl viii. 106,
— is referred here by Dodoens p. 389: C. rhapontica is described by Manardus v. 5, Lobel pl. 2S8,’
Pona p. 65, and Bellardi; and is known to grow on the Alps (Pers., and Spreng.).
Cmtaurea armoracifolia ot the Mediterranean countries. The KPOKOAe lAlAAOC:THC-
Ai e nCTHC growing near water, and its root prescribed by Galen comp. med. ii. 2 against headache,
— may be compared : C. armoracifolia was observed by Sibthoip, and Chaubard, o"i the mountains
of the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Clusius hist. ii. pl. 11; is termed “ centaurium
majus folio non dissecto ” by Tournefort inst. 449; and “ C. T agana” found by Brotero p l 3 in
Portugal (P ets.) is regarded by Bory as not distinct.
Stachys palustris ot Northern climates. Termed by Gerarde p. 852 clown's allheal ox clown's
woundwort txoxa being successfully employed by a rustic to heal a wound (Prior) ; tlie CTAXYOC :
C KYGI KOY of Galen ther. 19— may be compared : S. palustris was observed by Sibthorp in moist
shady places around Smyrna and Constantinople ; is known to grow also around Caucasus and in
Northern China (Bieb., and Benth.). Westward, is termed “ galeopsis palustris betonica; folio flore
variegato” by Tournefort inst. 185 ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe
as far as Petersburg and Sweden (Fries, and Benth.), occurring sometimes in cultivated ground
(Pers.). Farther West, was observed by Drummond throughout Canada, and by Douglas" along
the Columbia river. “ S. aspera” regarded by A. Gray as identical, was observed by Reeves a"
Tokeen in China (Benth.), by Pitcher in Arkansas, and is known to grow from Canada to the Yadkin
river and South Carolina (Frazer, Schweinitz, iMuhl., Benth., and myself).
Solanum coagulans of Nubia and Tropical Arabia, Called in Yemen “ beikaman” (Forsk,), at
Syene “ kaderanbes ” (D el.) ; and the A Y KO U e PC I 0 N fruit received from Egypt by Galen fac.
simpl. iv, — may be compared : S. coagulans was observed by Delile on the border of cultivated
ground at Elephantine and. Syene, its fruit nearly an inch and a half in diameter ; by Forskal. p. 47,
frequent in Yemen, and its seeds with the adhering pulp used to coagulate milk.
“ 171 A, D .” (Iren., and Clint, iv. p. 177), Soter succeeded by Eleutherus, “ tw elfth” bishop of
Rome.
“ In this year” (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Zigen and Rema succeeded
by Za-Gafale, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned “ one ” year.
“ In this year (or 173 ” of Euseb., and Syn cell, and in the reign of “ Marcus Antoninus,” Suid.),
Oppianus of Cilicia writing. He mentions Antoninus and his son (Commodus).
Solanum dulcantara of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bitter-sweet,
in medieval Latin “ amara-dulcis,” in Germany “ je lenger je lieb er” (Prior) or “ bittersuss” (Grieb):
the AeA'MNlOY plant u.sed according to Oppianus for stupifying fish — (geopon. xx. 2), “ agrio-
mSltzana” of Scarlatus, may be compared : S. dulcamara was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,"and
Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands and along roadsides near Smyrna; by
Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; and by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. Westward, is figured
in irranuscript v of the Anglo-Saxon herb. Apul. 76 (H arl, and Cockayne), and under the naitie of
“ cardamomum ’ in Ortus Sanitatis pl. 92 ; is described by Tragus pl. . . , Turner iii 2, Matthioli, and
OF A C C OM PA N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 5 3 1
Lobel adv. p. 102 ; is termed “ s. scandens seu dulcamara” by Tournefort inst. 149 ; and is known to
grow in moist situations in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pl. 365,
Pers., and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America (later perhaps than
1670, for it is not mentioned by Josselyn), has become completely naturalized, occurring not only
along roadsides but in wild marshy situations, and as far inland as Kentucky where it was observed
by Short. The root and young branches according to Smith, and Lindley, “ have been recommended
in scrophulous or glandular obstructions.”
“ 172 A. D .” (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Gafale succeeded by Za-
Bæsiserk, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned “ four” years.
“ 173 A. D .” (E useb., and Clint.), the “ pseudo-prophecy termed Cataphrygas ” originated by
Montanus, Priscilla, and Maximilla, the beginning of the Montanist sect. Also about this time, the
Encratite sect founded by Tatianus ; another heretical sect, by Bardesanes the Syrian ; and splendid
buildings erected in Greece by Herodes Atticus.
174 A. D. = “ 14th year of Aurelius Antoninus,” in an inscription at Shekh Abadeh in Egypt
(Glid. analect).
“ The same year” (Clint.), in Germany, during the battle of the Romans with the Quad!,
remarkable rain, regarded as miraculous (mentioned by Dio, Capitolinus, Claudian, Themistius, and
by the Christian writers Apollinaris of Hierapolis, Tertullian, Eusebius, Orosius, Gregorius of Nyssa,
and Xiphilinus).
This defeat of the Quad! seems the latest historical event mentioned by Pausanias (Sm. biogr.
diet.).T
he Celtic name for horse is given by Pausanias a sMAPKAN: — hence the Welsh or British
“ march,” Danish “ mär,” Low German “ märe,” Anglo-Saxon “ myre ” or “ mere ” or “ mære,” and
current English mare (Prior).
Rannnculus aquatilis of Northern climates. Called in Britain water crowfoot (Prior), and the
B A T P A X I A : T A : e N ; T A I C : A l M N A I C of Pausanias ix. 21. I , — may be compared: R. aquatilis
was observed in Greece by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas : and farther South, is known to
grow in Abyssinia (R ich.). Westward, occurs in relics in the debris of lake-villages in Switzerland
(Heer) ; is termed “ r. aquaticus folio rotundo et capillaceo” by Tournefort inst. 291 ; and is known
to grow in Sicily, Sardinia, Algeria, the Canary Islands (Guss., Moris, D esf., Munby, and Webb),
and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (H ook., and A. D ec.),
Eastward from Greece, is known to grow about Caucasus and throughout Siberia (Bieb., and Gm el),
also on Unalaschka (Chem.), in Oregon and California (Torr, and Gr., and Beechey voy.), from near
the Arctic Sea throughout Canada to Lat. 38° on the Mississippi and along the Atl.intic (Hook., Beck,
and Com-.), and farther South among the Alleghanies (Chapm.).
“ 175 A. D .” (D io, and Clint.), in Syria, revolt of Avidius Cassius ; who, after “ three months
and six days,” was put to death. Aurelius Antoninus and his son Commodus now proceeded to
Egypt, as far at least as Alexandria ; — and in the following spring, to Antioch and Smyrna.
The Peschito Syriac translation of the New Testament in tlie “ second century,” does not contain
the “ Second Epistle of Peter, the Second and Third of John, that of Jude,” nor “ the Apocalypse.
Nor are these books received to this day by either Jacobite or Nestorian Christians.” — John
the Elder (according to Eusebius Pamphilus eccles. hist.) had a separate monument at Ephesus from
John the Evangelist. — The Vatican and Medicean manuscripts of the above translation were “ written
in the years 548 and 586 ; ” the beautiful one in the Estrangelo character, now in the British
museum, was finished in 76S at the monastery of Bethkoki (W. Wright in Kitt. bibl. cycl.).
“ 176 A. D .” (C lint.), the “ Onomastikon ” Greek lexicon of Julius Pollux published and dedicated
to the youthful Commodus.
“ In this year” (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Bæsiserk succeeded by
Za-Elasguaga, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned “ seventy-six” years.
“ 177 A. D .” (Sulpic. Sev., and Clint.), “ beyond the Alps,” Christians for the first time persecuted,
and Pothinus bishop of Lugdunum (Lyons) and a disciple of Poljmarp, put to death. He
was succeded by Irenaeus, a disciple of Papias. At this time, there was also a church not far from
Lugdunum at “ V ienne” (epist. eccl Lugd. et Vienn., in Euseb.).
“ 178 A. D .” (Beda, and Clint.), Eleutherus in Rome having received the application of Lucius
king of South Britain to be made a Christian, missionaries sent there. The fact has been ascertained,
that the missionaries taught in Britain the Oriental or original mode of observing Easter.
^ “ In tills year ( = ist of the kouang-ho,” hist. Sian-pi, and Sairikokf transl. Klapr.), Thsieou-
thsiuan (in the Chinese province of Kan-son) invaded by the Ainos under their first king Than-chy-
houai, following in winter the river Thsin-choui.
“ iSo, M arch” (D io, and Clint.), Marcus Aurelius Antoninus succeeded by his son Commodus,
seventeenth Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Commodus occur at Philæ, Esneh, and on
a small temple at Contra-Latopolis,
7 ii.
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