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1 1 6 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
deville, Gulielmus de Baldensal, Peter Martyr, and Barthelemi de Salignac; “ living stocks brought
at great expense from Yemen” were seen by Belon in the same locality, also by Pellegrino Brocardi,
Radzivil, and notwithstanding Alpinus’ unsuccessful search by Brenning, but soon afterwards “ in
the early part of the Seventeenth century” they disappeared (Hartmann). Farther South, B. opobalsamum
is described by Strabo xvi. 4. 19 as wild in the country of the Sabaeans ; was observed by
Bruce, and Salt, a small tree of stunted appearance “ above fourteen feet high ” growing especially
in the vicinity of Azab (Saba) and thence as far as the entrance to the Red Sea. Was carried at an
early period to Yemen (Bruce) ; was first observed by Forskal p. 80 at the Oude caravanserai near
the end of his journey ; was also carried to Hindustan (Roxb., and Wight) ; and afterwards by
Wathen “ in 1837 from M ec ca ” to the botanic garden at Bombay (Graham).
1518 B. C. (— 1273 -(- “ 245 y e a r s ” of Berosus, in Alex. Polyhist, and Euseb. i. 4. p. 18), at
Babylon, the accession of the Arabian dynasty : — a series of “ nine ” successive kings.
In this year = “ 37th of Tutmas I I I .,” slaves and cattle brought as tribute by the Kharu and
Kush — (Birch).
A s early periiaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 231),
Jamadagni, nephew of Viswamitra, reigning in Hindustan.
1517 B. C. ( = 1505 y. 332II d. “ 7 ” -f- 7th year of ten lunations, Gen. xxx. 25 and xxxi.
41), departure of Jacob, to reside with Laban at Piaran.
In this year = “ 38th of Tutmas I I I .,” his thirteenth military campaign — (Birch).
1516 B. C. = “ 39th of Tutmas I I I .,” his fourteenth military campaign — (Birch).
1515 B. C., in or about the “ five hundredth ann. Abr. and third year of Ascatades king of S icyon
” (Euseb. ■ . ).
1514 B. C. = “ 41st of Tutmas I I I .,” the king in the field, warring and receiving tribute —
(Birch).
A papyrus roll, enumerating Egyptian kings, and composed in part in the reign of Tutmas III.,
is mentioned by Lepsius (Eg. and Sin. p. 395). Papyr! written “ from the Sixteenth — to the Thirteenth
century B. C.,” are also mentioned by Lepsius p. 381 ; containing, it is inferred, like those of
later date, “ laudatory songs upon kings or gods, historical annals, accounts of the temple, that which
relates to the calendar, and many other things with reference to this life, contracts, law-suits,” The
papyri were “ interred in tombs ; ” and from the time of the Greeks, were sometimes accompanied
with a Greek translation.
150S B. C. = “ 47th year of Tutmas I II .,” in a tablet at On or Heliopolis, recording that he had
surrounded the temple with a wall. (Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and Birch).
In this year ( = 508 -f- “ 1000 yrs .” of Herodot. iv. 5), Targitaus the first Scythian, colonist or
ancestor of all the Scythians. (See Tanaus).
Cucumis dudaim of Equatorial Africa. Called in Egypt “ schemmam ” (F o r sk .) : the “ thw-
thym ” love-apples “ in the days of wheat harvest ” found by Reuben “ in the field ” — (gen. xxx.
14), occurring in vineyards and giving a smell ('Cant. vii. 12), are according to Harris bibl. nat. hist,
by “ the generality of interpreters and commentators ” regarded as “ a species of melon: ” the Egyptian
word “ vétuké ” is translated by Edwards “ melonis genus silvestris, pomum amoris, mandragora
” (compare “ ba tykh ” ) : the “ schainmam ” or “ Syrian luffah ” is described by Temimi, and
Ebn B a ita r ; was observed by Forskal p. 169, and Delile, in Egypt, its fruit globose-ovate as large as
a lemon and not edible, but cultivated for its strong and not unpleasant odour. Transported to
Europe, is described by Dillenius hort. elth. pl. 77. (See Mandragora officinalis).
. “ 1506 B. C. = : 1st year of Tsou-sin, of the Chang” or Fourth dynasty— (Chinese chron. table).
The same year ( = 1481 y. 239f| d. - f “ 30 y e a r s ” of ten lunations of Gen. xii. 46), Joseph
born to Jacob and Rachel.
Amygdalus communis of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in English gardens almond, in
France “ amande ” (Nugent), in Germany “ mandel,” in Italy “ mandolo ” or “ mandorlo ” (Lenz), in
Greece “ amugthatoa ” (FraasJ, in Egypt “ lo u z ” (De l.), in. Egyptian “ k a r ia ” (transl. Sept.) indicating
the geographical route of introduction : rods of “ Iwz ” were among those selected by Jacob —
(gen. .xxx. 37) : A . communis was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, the
fruit imported besides in quantities from Syria and Cyprus. The Greek word “ karuon” may have had
the same derivation as the Egyptian; an ancient custom of eating bitter almonds to prevent intoxication
is mentioned by Pliny, and Plutarch sympos. i. 6 ; the “ amugthale ” is mentioned by Xenoplion
anab. iv. 4. 8, Tryphon, Pamphilus, Dioscorides, Athenaeus ii. 39, and a mode of rendering the nuts
sweet, by Theophrastus ii. 7. 7 : A. communis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from
the Peloponnesus and Crete throughout Greece, springing up spontaneously, the branchlets spinescent
and the kernel b it te r ; is known to grow to all appearance wild in the country South of Caucasus
(Bieb., and Ledeb.). Westward, the “ n u x ” is mentioned by Plautus, and from being termed
“ g ra e ca ” by Cato is regarded by Pliny xv. 24 as probably foreign to Italy ; the “ nux g ra e ca ” is
O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
mentioned by Columella, and Macrobius ii. 14; the “ nux ” flowering in Spring, by Virgil geor. i. . . .;
“ uuces amarae ” by Celsus ; and “ amygdalae amarae ” and “ dulces,” by Pliny xvii. 43 : A. communis
is described by Matthioli i. 247 ; is termed “ a. amara ” by Tournefort inst. 627; has become naturalized
in Italy, Sicily, and Barbary, forming in Algeria groves or woods (Desf., Cosson, Guss., and
A. Dec.). Eastward from Syria, is called in Persia “ badam” (Roxb.), and the same word has been
adopted in Hindustanee and Bengalee (D ’roz.) for the imported nuts, the tree not succeeding in
Hindustan even in the North (Royle, and Graham) : was however observed by Loureiro, and Bunge,
under cultivation in China, and called “ him” or “ hanh.” By European colonists, was carried to
America, where I have occasionally met with it in gardens in our Middle States.
Styrax officinale oi the East Mediterranean countries. The ri'ijrazr tree is called in Italy “ sto-
ra c e ” (Lenz), in Greece “ stouraki ” (Sibth.) or “ agria kuthbnia” (Fraas), and its imported product
in Egyptian “ aminakou” or “ suetos ” (Edw.): the green “ Ibnh” selected for rods by Jacob —
(gen. xxx. 37), mentioned as a tree on the mountains of Palestine by Hosea iv. 13, is referred here in
the Septuagint and Arabic transhitions : “ samgh leban Schami” or “ olibanum Syriacum ” is enumerated
by Forskal mat. med. as imported from Greece into Eg yp t; and at Mocha I was informed
that “ lubanum” is a general term, including in the Somali country all gum-like articles of commerce.
Northward from Egypt, the “ sturaka” is mentioned as indigenous in Asia Minor and Greece by Herodotus
iii. 107, Theophrastus, Strabo, and Dioscorides ; and S. officinale was observed by Sibthorp,
Gittard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus and Crete to Smyrna and Cyprus. Westward, the “ sty-
rax ” seems known to Pliny xii. 40 to 55 only from the imported product; but the tree has since been
introduced and become naturalized in Italy and Southern France (Cassalp. ii. p. 71, Bertolon., and A.
Dec.). As cultivated in England according to Lindley does not form storax, and this “ fragrant resinous
balsamic substance is obtained in Asia Minor.”
The long reign of Tutmas i l l . is remarkable for an astonishing amount of building, throughout
Egypt and Nubia. A t Thebes, the temple in the Asasif was completed, and additions made to those
at Karnak and Mgdinet Abu. Temples were also constructed, continued, or commenced at Esneh,
El Kab, Edfu, Ombos, Elephantine, Amada, Eguisse, Semneh, Ibrim, and Wadi Haifa. Two obelisks
ninety feet or so in lieight, were placed in Karnak ; other obelisks were erected by Tutmas III.
(but have been removed, two of them to Alexandria, one to Constantinople, and one to Rome. See
also Leps. eg. and sin. p. 20, 25, and 42).
But above all we are indebted to Tutmas III. for an important historical document: the series of
successive kings in the chamber at Karnak— (now removed to Paris).
1501 B. C. = “ 30th Phamenoth in the 54th year of his reign,” death o f Tiitmas III. — (Birch).
The accession therefore of Amunhotep I I ., second king of the Eighteenth dynasty,
not earlier than this date. His name is next in order on the monuments : both contemporaneous,
— and in the series of kings at Abydos and Gurna.
Amunhotep II. continued the temple at Karnak, and others in Nubia, and built new
temples at Bigeh and Kalabsheh. His name occurs also in a cave-temple at Ibrim,
and in the Sinai peninsula at Sarbut-el-Khadem. A colossal statue of this king^— (is now in the
museum at Turin).
In this year ( = 1517 — “ 20 years ” of ten lunations, of Gen. xxxi. 41), treaty at the parting of
Laban and Jacob ; the heap of stones called by the former “ ygr sh ithw d a ” being perhaps the earliest
specimen known of the Aramaic or Chaldee language. — This language is called “ army ” in 2 K.
xviii. 26, Dan. ii. 4, and Ezr. iv. 7 ; and forms the text of the following portions of the scriptures :
Jer. X. I I , Dan. ii. 4 to vii. 28, Ezr. iv. 8 to vi. 18 and vii, 12 to 26. The Syriac, regarded as only a
dialect or somewhat later form, is to the present day spoken by the Christian Syrians on the Tigris
near Mosul. (See J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.).
Eighty-fourth generation. Jan. ist, 1500, mostly beyond youth :
1498 B. C. = “ 4th year of Amunhotep I I.,” in a tablet at Sarabit-el-Khadim in the Sinai peninsu
la—■ (Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and BirchJ.
“ 1497 B. C. = loth year of Tsou-sin” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twentieth cycle.
The same year ( = 1477 “ 20 y e a r s ” of Euseb. ii.), accession of Sphaerus as Assyrian emperor.
“ Twenty-two” years are however assigned to his reign i. p. 44, and by Syncellus.
1495 B. C. ( = 1530— “ 35 y e a r s ” of Castor and Euseb. i. p. 129 to 131, see also Pherecyd.,
Apollod,, and Hygin.), Apis succeeded by his nephew Argus, son of Niobe and now fourth king of
the Peloponnesus or fourth Argive k in g ; the name of his kingdom having been changed to Argos
(Hygin. fab. 145, and Paus. ii. 16. i) .
The same year = “ 7th of Amunhotep I I.,” in a tablet at Sarabit-el-Khadim in the Sinai penin-
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su la— (Birch).