“ May 2ist” (Nicol.), a synod at Avranches. Henry II. “ was absolved from the murder of
Thomas-a-Becket, after swearing to abolish all the unlawful customs established during his reign.”
“ 1173 A. D.” (Nicol.), in a synod at Westminster, reading of the Bull for the canonization of
Thomas-a-Becket. Richard prior of Dover was elected archbishop of Canterbury ; and “ twenty-
seven canons were made on discipline.”
“ The same year ” (art de verif.), death of Nooreddin; Saladin becoming the acknowledged sultan
of both Egypt and Syria. Gold and silver were coined by Saladin, to redeem ihe glass money in
circulation (Marcel 139 and 144). He replaced the brick wall around Cairo with stone; built the citadel,
and cleared the deep well therein, — to the present day called from him “ Joseph’s ” well (Wilk.
theb. and eg. p. 305).
The removal of the outer stone coating of the Great pyramid, is attributed to Saladin (Marcel 141).
“ 1174 A. D.” (rudim. chron. Lond.), building of the leaning tower at Pi.sa.
“ U75 A. D.” (= 571 A. H.” of Abu-Abdallah ben Ahmed Muhrim, Badjer edit. Varthem. p. 59),
the walls and towers on the mountains around Aden chiefiy built by Othman ez-Zenjily, appointed
governor by Turan Shah, a brother of Saladin.
“ In this year ” (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 1174), Madan Mahadeva
succeeded by Anang Bhim Deo, now king of Orissa. — He built the great temple of Jaganath, and
reigned “ twenty-seven years.”
“ 1176, Jan. 25th ” (Nicoh, see also Alst.), a synod at Northampton. Wherein an unsuccessful
attempt was made by the archbishop of York-“ to compel the Scotch bishops to acknowledge his
jurisdiction.”
“ The same year” (Blair), in England, the dispensing of justice by Circuits, first appointed.
“ The same year” (rudim. chron. Lond.), London bridge commenced by Peter Coleman, a priest
of Colechurch.
“ In this year (= 572 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Shahab-u-din, associate sultan of Ghor and
Ghazni, commencing operations against Hindustan by the capture of Uch, at the junction of the
rivers of the Panjab with the Indus.
“ H77 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod at Tarsus. For the reunion of the Armenians and Greeks.
“ 1178 A. D. (= 575 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), unsuccessful expedition against Guzerat by
Shahab-u-din ; who however overran Sind to the seashore.
“ In this year ” (Clavig. ii., and Humb. ii. 6), the Nahualtecs making their appearance on the
Mexican table-land : like the Chichimecs, speaking the Toltec language.
Dioscorea sativa of Tropical America. Cultivated by the Waraus of the delta of the Orinoko * —
■TO Dioscorea alata of Tropical America Cultivated by the Waraus (Schomb.), and called in
Carib “ couchou ”— (Descourt.). Westward, from an early period cultivated by the Polynesians,
and observed by myself on the Taheitian, Samoan, and Tongan groups, and on the Feejeean constituting
the main support of the population: called in Taheitian and Tongan “ ubi” (Forst., and A.
Dec.), or according to Hale, “ uhi ” or “ uh’ ” on Rotuma, “ uhi ” or “ ui ” or “ ufi ” by Polynesians
generally, “ uvi ” by the Feejeeans, and according to Blanco, “ ubi” by the Tagalo of the Philippines,
and “ quinampai ” on Zebu : was also observed under cultivation in the Malayan Archipelago
by Rumphius v. pl. 121 ; is enumerated by Mason v. p. 813 as wild in Burmah ; in Hindustan, has
no Sanscrit name (Roxb. iii., and Pidd.), but was seen there under cultivation by Rheede vii. pl. 38,
and myself, and is given by Graham as “ wild in both Concans.” Farther West, the purple yam vvas
observed by my.self on Zanzibar, and was said to be also cultivated on the neighbouring main land
by African tribes. (See Colocasia antiquorum).
Colocasia sagittifolia of Tropical America. Cultivated by the Waraus (Schomb.), and calleci in
Carib “ ouaheu” — (Descourt.) : the “ agi’s ” cultivated by the natives on Hayti, are clescribed by F.
Roman Pane 26 as “ certain roots like turnips and some like radishes” (F. Columb.) ; according to
Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 and gen, hist. vii. 3, the “ ajes ” are distinct from batatas and resemble the great
turnips “ nabos graneles” of Spain; ancl C. sagittifolia was observecl in the West Inclies by Plumier
iv. pl. 35. Farther North, the “ cocushaw ” of the aboriginals on the Roanoke, growing in marshy
places and after expressing a poisonous juice used for making bread (Hariot, in De Bry ¡.), may be
compared; C. sagittifolia continues to be cultivated from Florida to Carolina, ancl is called tanier
(Pursh, Muhl., Ell., Baldw., and Me. Euen), the leaves very large. By European colonists, was
carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it is called “ tongo” (Descourt.; see also C. antiquorum).
Cedrela odorata of Eastern Equatorial America. Employed by the Waraus of the delta ot the
Orinoko for making canoes — (Schomb. edit. Ralegh): observed in the West Indies by P. Browne pl-
10 ; and within the borders of Peru, by Ruiz ancl Pavon (Pers.). By European colonists, vvas carried
Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, wliere “ plenty of cedar” called “ calanta” vvas found
(Schomb. edit. Ralegh) : the word “ igname” was heard by Vespucci on the coast of Paria, and was
found by Cabral in 1500 applied in Brazil to a root from which bread was made (A. Dec.) ; very large
white-rooted yams are imported from the West Indies, belonging to a species I have not seen growing.
By European colonists, D. sativa was carried to the Malayan Archipelago, “ injames” of the
Portuguese after the Brazilians, called “ byra” by the Javanese and Malayans, and “ siatsini ” by the
Chinese, a root on which thirty persons may dine but the taste not near so good as potatoes, were
seen in Java by Nieuhoff; the “ cassab el darrir ” figured by Alpinus as cultivated in Egypt, may
also be compared. “ D. Cliffortiana ” regarded as a distinct species, was observed by Hmnke wild
in Peru, by Martius wild in Brazil, and is not with certainty known to be cultivated.
“ 1179, March 5th to 19th” (Nicoh), Eleventh general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at the
Lateran in Rome ; “ two hundred and eighty” bishops being present. Among other acts, POTrus was
sent as legate into France, to inquire into and suppress the ‘'heresy of the Waldenses or Albigenses”
The local princes of Japan now nearly independent, defeated by Joritomo, to whom the military
authority had been delegated by Takakura. Joritomo now assumed the title of “ cubo ” (corresponding
to “maire du palais” under the early French kings, or “ sultan” under the califs, art de venf.).^
“ uSo A. D.” (Alst.), Emanuel succeeded by Alexius II. Comnena, fifty-fourth Byzantine
emperor.
“ June 24th to Oct. i8th ” (Nicol.), a synod at Tarragona. The use of the Christian era was substituted
for the “ Era of Spain.”
“ 1181 A. D.” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Takakura succeeded by bis eldest son Antoku, now
eighty-first dairo of Japan.
“ Sept. 1st” (Alst., and Nicol.), Alexander III. succeeded by cardinal Ubaldo Allocingoli, now
Lucius III., fifteenth pope. Philip II. ruling France ; and William, Scotland.
“ In or about this year” (Blair), compilation of a Digest of the Law s o f England, by Ranulph de
Glanville. . ,
“ The same year (= 1103 Salivaban.,” Colebrooke as. res. ix. p. 431), latest date in an inscription
chiefly in the Old Canara language—found among the ruins of Curogocle in Southern Hindustan.
“ 1182 A. D.” (Alst.), Alexius II. succeeded by his son Andronicus, fifty-fifth Byzantine emperor.
“ 11S4 A. D.” (Blair), massacre of all the Latins in Constantinople. Arranged *by the emperor
Andronicus.
“ In this year (= 1844th of Synmu,” art de verif.), abdication of Antoku in favour of his fourth
brother Toba II. or Go-Toba, now dairo of Japan.
‘‘ 11S5 A. D.” (Alst.), Andronicus succeeded by Isaacus II. Angel Comnena, fifty-sixth Byzantine
emperor.
“ Nov. 25th” (Nicol.), Lucius I I I . succeeded by cardinal Hubert Crivelli, now Urbanus III.,
sixteenth pope. Urbanus I I I . “ dated his pontificate from the day of his election.”
by De Morga, and C. odorata according to Blanco is employed for canoes, and is called in Tagalo
and Pampango “ caíanlas,” and in Bisaya “ lanigpa” or “ lanigda ; ” and Eastward across the Atlantic
to Senegal, where too it is employed for canoes (Desc.).
Euterpe sp ? of Guayana. The ‘‘ manica ” or “ manicole ” palms, furnishing the laths of the
dwellings of the Waraus — (Schomb.).
Manicaria saccharifera of Guayana. The “ trouli ” palm, furnishing the thatch of the dwellings
of the Waraus — (Schomb.) : the palm described also by Jacquin (Steud.). And from transported
specimens, by Gaertner ii. pl. 176.
Carapa Guayanensis of Guayana. Oil of the “ carapa ” nut employed by the Warau women to
anoint their hair — (Schomb. edit. Ralegh) : the tree observed also in Guayana by Aublet ii. pl. 387.
Bignonia chica of Guayana. Affording vvith some other species the “ chico ” or “ caraweru ”
pigment employed among the Waraus — (Schomb.) : observed also in this portion of South America
by Humboldt and Bonpland (Steud.).
Strychnos toxifera of Eastern Equatorial America. A climbing plant, the juice furnishing the
basis of the celebrated “ vvoorari ” poison employed by the Waraus to envenom their arrows
(Schomburgk). The bark applied externally is regarded by Hancock med. gaz. xx. 2S1 as a good
remedy for foul ulcers (Lindl.).
Arundinaria Schomlmrgkii of Eastern Equatorial America. The arrows blown through a
“ curata ” or intcrnode of this reed, — and Schomburgk in travelling along the Paracaima mountains
witnessed the effect of the poison ; so nearly instantaneous, that a deer at the top ot its speed was
scarcely able to “ run forty yards.” A. Scbomburgkii is described as fifty to sixty feet high, the
weigiit of its numerous branchlets causing the upper part to droop and form an arch (geogr. plant,
lond. tract soc ).
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