%
m
I i . . . I
666 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEiMENT
throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Pers., Hook., and Wats.).
Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Farther East, was
observed by Drummond at Cumberland House Lat. 54“ in central North America ; and by myself
along tlie Atlantic as far South as Lat, 42°. *
“ 1005 A. D.” (Nicol.), a synod in Brandeburg. Against “ unlawful marriages, selling Christians
to the Gentiles, and violating the law's of justice.”
“ In or about this year ” (Blair), a new style o f architecture in rebuilding old churches.
“ 1006 A. D.” {B\a\x), pestiletice. Extending over all Europe, — and continuing “ three” years.
“ 1007 A. D.” (Rafn ant. am.), from Greenland with three ships and carrying cattle, Tliorfinn
Karlsefni reached the wintering-place in Vinland. Where were “ hvalir reythr " (fin-back whales.
Physalus, observed by myself in the Lower St. Lawrence, in deep places approaching the shore
regardless of spectators). — After the first w'inter, the natives came in numbers, though frightened
“ by the voice of the bull,” bringing for traffic skins of “ martium ” or sables, and various other kinds
of furs. A battle with the natives ensued in the second winter ; and at the end of “ three” years,
finding the place constantly exposed to attacks, Karlsefni abandpned the country and returned to
Greenland.
Triticum (Agropyrnni) repens of America? Called in Britain quitch grass in Anglo-Saxon
“ cwice” from “ cvvic” vivacious (Prior), by Lobel “ quych gras” ( . . . . ) , in Greece “ aira” (Sibth.,
compare Lolium), in Mongol “ kia ” (Klapr.) ; the “ agros triticeos sponte satos ” seen by Karlsefni
on an excursion Southward * — (Rafn), or “ champs de blé sauuiage ” the spike like rye and seed
like oats seen by Jacques Cartier on Bryon Island and around Chaleur Bay, may be compared:
A. repens has been observed by myself abounding and to all appearance indigenous along the salt
marshes of Eastern New England, and clearly indigenous as found by Oakes on the Subalpine portion
of the White mountains in 1826 ; but in general occurs as a troublesome weed throughout our
Northern and Middle States, sometimes regularly cultivated for feeding cattle. Westward, this or
an allied species was observed by myself filling much of the unwooded country of Interior Oregon;
A. repens according to Klaproth mem. i. 9 gave its name to the Siberian town and stream of Kiakhta
or Kiaktou, abounding there and affording excellent feed for cattle ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus, frequent along roadsides and in
cultivated ground. Farther West, figures in Matthioli 999, and Dodoens 345, are referred by Lobel
to the “ quych gras;” A. repens is distinctly described by C. Bauhin pin, i (Willd.) ; is termed
“ gramen loliaceum radice repente sive gramen officinarum” by Tournefort inst. 516; is known to
occur in waste and cultivated ground from Algeria and the Canary Islands throughout middle and
Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Munby, Webb, and Wats.); and was observed by Flooker
on Iceland. In Austral America, was observed by myself at the mouth of the Rio Negro in Patagonia,
and clearly indigenous in Terra del F'uego; is known to grow also on the Falkland Islands
(Brogn. ist voy. Astrol. 56, and J. D. Hook.) ; but seems unknown in other parts of the Southern
Hemisphere (A. Dec.).
“ In this year (= 4th of the ‘ king-të’ of the Soung dynasty,” hist. Cor,, and Klapr. note to
geogr. Chin.), near Tan-lo or Quelpaerts Island, by a submarine volcanic eruption a new mountain
raised out of the sea, more than a thousand feet in height.
* E lym us Virginicus of Northeast America. Sometimes called w ild rye (A. Gray) ; and possibly
the grass in question : — “ some eares of wheate,” also “ bariy ” (Flordeum jubatum), and “ rie
growing there wilde,” were seen by visitors to St. Luke’s Bay in Nova Scotia in 1623 : E. Virginicus
has been observed by myself from Lat. 45° at Mount Desert to our Middle States, often in little beds
along the seashore ; by Elliott, at Sister’s ferry on the Savannah river ; by N. A. Ware, and Chapman,
as far as I'lorida ; by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall, along the Red river. F'rom transported
specimens, is described by Linnæus.
Betulapapyracea of Northeast America. The canoe birch, a large tree, doubtless furnished the
brooms of “ mausur’' wood brought by Karlsefni from Vinland : —Jacques Cartier entering the Straits
of Belleisle met with natives in birch-bark canoes who had come from the Southward ; and in the
days of Gookin coll. 3, such canoes were occasionally seen as far South as Massachusetts Bay, sewed
“ with a kind of bark, and then smearing the places with turpentine ; ” water-buckets were also “ of
birch barks, artificially doubled up, that it liath four corners and a handle in the midst,” and “ several
sorts of baskets great and small : ” B. papyracea was observed by Lapilaye from Lat. 51° in Newfoundland
; by myself, frequent on the Lower St. Lawrence ancl in New Brunswick and the neighbouring
portion of New England, but ceasing along the Atlantic in about 42°, and a little farther
South on the mountains ; westward, is known lo grow as far as Wisconsin (A. Gray) and Lake Win-
nipeg (Long's exp. ii. 81), was observed by Drummond at Cumberland House Lat. 54°, and nearly to
the Rocky mountains.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 667
“ looS in the spring (= 399 A. FI.” of Ferisht., Elph.), fourth Muslim invasion of Hindustan.
Anang Pal of Lahore and the assembled forces of Gwalior, Ujen, Ajmir, Calinjer, Canouj, and Delhi,
defeared near Peshawer by sultan Mahmud : who continued his march to the Eastern portion of the
Panjab, plundered the fortified temple of Nagarcot on the lower portion of the Plimalayas, and with
immense booty returned to Ghazni.
“ From this year” (G. de Tassy i, 519), Gwalior in the province of Agra —governed by rajas or
princes.
“ Ill this year” (C. Mackenzie as. res. ix. 270), birth of Ramanuja, reformer of the Saiva doctrine
and “ the famous author of the Sri-bhashya.” — He is invoked in a Jain inscription at Belligola
dated in “ A. D. 1367.”
“ 1009 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome Joannes X IX . succeeded by Sergius IV., eightieth
archbishop.
In manuscripts of this date (De Wailly vi. 3), capital letters used for beginning sentences.
“ ion A. D.” (Elph.), fifth Muslim invasion of Flindustan. Crossing the Indus, Mahmud proceeded
nearly as far as the waters of the Ganges, captured and plundered the temple and town of
Tanesar, and returned with a multitude of captives to Ghazni before the Hindu princes could assemble
to oppose him.
In this year (= 996 + “ i6th year of his reign,” Mahavams. Ixxv to Ixxvii), a commotion
in and about Matura subdued by king Parackramabahoo. — Pursuing the dhamila forces of king
Kulesekara Pandya he conquered Soly or Coromandel, and returning to Ceylon, assembled a Budhist
council under the great priest Causypa or Kaxapa.
“ 1012 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Sergius IV. succeeded by Benedictus V III., eighty-
first archbishop.
“ The same year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Itsi-dsio succeeded by Sandusio or San-zio,
second son of Ren-sei, and now sixty-seventh dairo of Japan.
“ 1013 A. D.” (Blair, and Nicol.), Ethelred II. abdicating, his brother Swegn or Sueno II. king
of Denmark proclaimed king of England. The Danes in this manner gaining possession of England.
“ The same year” (Pauth. 337), by census in China, the number of persons engaged in agriculture
ascertained to be “ 21,976,965 ; not including women, youths under twenty, magistrates,
literati, eunuchs, the military, bonzes, nor mariners.”
“ 1014, Feb. 3d” (Nicol.), death of Sueno 11., and election by the fleet of his son Cnut or Canute
II. as king of England. The throne was however resumed by Ethelred II.
“ 1016, April 23d” (Nicol.), Ethelred II. succeeded by Edmund II. Ironsides, fifteenth Anglo-
Saxon king of England ; and “ Nov. 30th,” by Canute I I . ; who besides inherited and extended his
dominion over Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
“ 1017 A. D. (= 408 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), sixth Muslim invasion of Hindustan. With a
large army Mahmud of Ghazni kept near the mountains until he had crossed the Jamna affluent of
the Ganges, when turning South he reached the great city of Canouj so unexpectedly'that the Hindu
king could make no resistance, and gave himself up. The city was spared, and the king restored ;
but on his way back, Mahmud plundered Mattra, Munj, and other places.
“ In this year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Sandusio succeeded by Itsi-dsio II. or Go-itsi-dsio,
younger son of Itsi-dsio I., and now at the age of nine dairo of Japan.
“ 1018 A. D.” (Blair), first entrance of a body of Normans into Italy.
“ 1021 A. D.” (art de verif.), Hakem succeeded by Daher of the Fatimite dynasty, fourth sultan
of Egypt. A gold coin issued at Cairo by Daher, is figured in Marcel 105.
The same j'ear (= “ 5th year of Itsi-dsio II.,” art de verif,), permission granted to Sai-sin, a
Japanese noble, to ride in a “ khuruma” or covered chariot drawn by bullocks ; the invention was
soon adopted by all the court.
“ In or about this year” (= T062 — “ 30 to 40 years reign,” G. de la Vega, Girolamo Benzoni
f. 167, addit. art de verif., and Tschudi trav.), the city of Cuzco founded by the first Inca Manco
Capac, who came with his companions from an island in Lake Titicaca. Bringing “ the arts of
government and society,” Manco Capac peacefully acquired influence over the surrounding
population, for “ eight leagues” West, “ nine” South, and Eastward as far as the river Paucar-
tanipu. The site of the city on the ridge of the Andes, and the plan, manifest ambition : a central
intersection of streets leading North, South, East, and West by continuous roads to the bounds of
the dominion.
At Cuzco on the hill Colcampata, Manco Capac built a palace, — subsequently occupied by
Paullu son of Fluayna Capac, and “ the ruins ” of which according to Markham p. 224 “ are still very
perfect.”
The Inca policy, on conquering a country, was To extend the limits of cultivable soil by means
te«'!!: Sil '“«ii.ri
t í - ' y f e
T l .
>i¡u ‘J l â
01;::, te "to
rôlK'ii! i ............ ^
V i ta
M' i ' ' ' Í- m
' j 'to-
I
•||á'
■il» 9 "ffi
■ . C 1, I
| B L £ | § :
i l i w
■