I if
II
A s early perhaps as this date (Diod. xxxi . . . . ), marriage o f Pharnaces, “ king ” of Cappadocia,
with Atossa, sister of Cambyses the father o f Cyrus.-— Pharnaces became “ the progenitor of the
kings of Cappadocia ” (Sm. b. d.).
Centaurea ceniaurium of the mountains of Italy. The “ centaurion” attributed to Chiron but
claimed ibr king Pharnaces and hence called “ pharnaceon” — (Plin. xxv. 13 to 30, and Pomp. Fest.)
is sufficiently identified by Pliny with the “ kéntaurión m2ga ” of Dioscorides ; having serrated leaves
resembling those of the walnut, blue flowers, involute fruit as in “ khikd,” root two cubits long and
full of red juice, and abounding in the Peloponnesus and Lycia and around Smyrna (but according to
Pliny cultivated). Westward, the “ kéntaurión méga ” or “ narken ” or “ marSnen ” or “ plektronias”
or “ héirónias ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ aima erakléóus ” of the prophets (compare
Pliny), and the “ phiérréi ” or “ óunSphéra ” or “ phéllérai ” of the Romans ; “ centauria graveolentia ”
are mentioned by Virgil geor. iv. 270 ; the “ centaurion,” by Pliny as wild on the Alps ; and C. cen-
taurium is described by Matthioli, Clusius hist. ii. p. to, and is known to grow from the Southern
slope of the Alps along the mountains of Italy to Garganus in Apulia (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz).
“ 580 B. C.” Some of the Greek inscriptions on the island of Thera (according to Franzius)
are as early as this date. Among the forms of letters is p .
A Greek inscription of about this date (Boeckh, and Franz. 24) on a bronze plate found at
Olympia, presenting the following form of the letter N.
About this time ( . . . . Parian marble), poetry combined with dramatic exhibitions by Susarion,
and Greek comedy thus instituted.
“ 578 B. C.” ( = 534 “ 44 yrs,” Sm. b. d.), Tarquinius Priscus succeeded by Servius Tullius,
si.xth king of Rome.
“ The same year ” (Buddhist ann., and Buns. iv. 7. 2), Bimbisara, son of Bhattiya and friend of
Buddha, establishing himself as king of Magadha, South of the Ganges.
In this year =; “ 12th year of Hophrah or Apries,” death of an Apis or sacred bu ll— (Birch).
Daniel and Job — are mentioned by Ezekiel; who was a son of Buzi, like Barachel the father of
Elihu (Ez. i. 3 to xiv. 20, and Job xxxii. 6).
Suceda baicata of Arabia and Egypt. Called in both countries “ mullaeah ” (Forsk.), in which
we recognize the M7 V“1 mlwh of Job xxx. 4 : — S. baccata was observed by Forskal p. 6g as far
South as Lat. 19° in Arabia; and by him, Hasselquist, and Delile, throughout Lower Egypt to the
Mediterranean.
A triplex coriacea of Egypt. Called there “ raettem ” (Forsk.), and therefore possibly the ""l + q
rdm of Job xxx. 4 — (already referred with more probability to Genista monosperma). A. coriacea
was observed by Forskal p. 175, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt, in sands near
the sea.
Aconitum album oi Syria. The B S v S bashé of Job xxxi. 40 — is referred by Celsius to an
aconite; and the “ bisha of Moses ” is distinguished by Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar : A. album is said
to be the only species growing in Syria, though “ not anywhere very common” (see Royle in Kitt.
bibl. c y c l) .
Sedum confertum of middle Asia. Called in Egypt “ hay a’lem ” (Del), and the n ""I V hlmwd
of Job vi. 6, that cannot be eaten without salt, — may be compared; S. confertum was observed by
Forskal p. Iv to Ixvi in the gardens of Egypt, mixed with other food for women in childbirth.
“ 575 B. C.” (Diodor., Euseb., and Clint.), “ twelfth” change in naval dominion. Leaving the
Lesbians, the “ Empire of the sea ” acquired by the Phocaean Greeks. — Held by them “ forty-four ”
years.
“ May gth.” On the “ first day of the Sixth month in the n th year Kien-wang” (Khoung-tseu,
Gaubil, and Pauth. 108), eclipse o f ihe sun.
The same year (= 5 9 7 y- 353/0% d- — “ 25th y e a r ” of twelve lunations = 587 y. io7||fi d .—
“ 14th y e a r ” of twelve lunations, Ezek. xl. i), Ezekiel’s vision of the restoration of Jerusalem.
S a lix serótina of Syria and middle Asia. A willow called in Egypt “ khalaf ” or “ ban ” (Forsk.),
at Aleppo “ safsaf,” in which we recognize the “ tziphtzaph ” identified by rabbi Ben Melech with the
3 9 9 tzphtzphé of Ezekiel xvii. 5 : — the “ safsaf” is described by Rauwolf as a peculiar species
from the flowers of which “ a very precious and sweet water” is distilled; a practice according to
Royle (in Kitt. bibl. c y c l) extending into Northern Hindustan: the “ tziphtzaph” is identified by
Avicenna with the “ chilaf,” mentioned together with the oil from its flowers by Abu Hanifa, Gafeki,
Temimi, and Ebn Baitar: S. serótina, observed by Sibthorp near Smyrna, and by Hasselquist in
Palestine, was found by Alpinus 62, Forskal p. 170, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and the
water distilled from the barren flowers much used medicinally.
Rocella linctoria of coast-rocks along the Mediterranean. A lichen called in commerce archal
or “ or ch il" (Prior), and the “ blue and purple from the isles of Elishah ” brought according to
Ezekiel xxvii. 7 to Tyre, — may be compared : the “ phukós ” of Aristophanes thesm. 2, Theophrastus,
Diodorus, Dioscorides, Plutarch, and Clemens Alexandriqus, is referred here by Tournefort and
Others ; R. tinctoria was observed by Tournefort, Sibthorp, and Bory, on the rocks and walls of
Amorgos and other Greek islands, and exported both to Egypt and Britain. Westward, the “ fucus
is mentioned by Plautus, Catullus, Cicero, Horace, Propertius, and Pliny : R. tinctoria was observed
by Desfontaines on the ruins of Carthage, and is known to grow along the coast of Algeria, Spain,
Southern France, Corsica, and the Balearic Islands (Bory).
The V\A3 wdn and f l& O V3 S 9 brzl oshwd manufactured iron of Ezekiel xxvn. 19, — are
referred by Gesenius to the city of Aden and its darnascus blades : “ swords of India ” are mentioned
by the Arab poet Ascha (De Sacy chrest.) ; and “ lames de sabre damasquinées ” are enumerated by
Edrisi i. 51 as imported into Aden (Jaubert).
“ 572 B. C .” ( = “ 01. 52 ” of D. Laert., Nicol. Damasc., Clint., and Sm. b. d.), Croesus son of
the Lydian king Alyattes made satrap of Adramyttium and the plain of Thebe. He commenced a
career of successful conquest in Asia Minor.
Dipsacus sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain teasel, m
Anglo-Saxon “ tæ s e l” from “ tæsan” tease (Prior), in France “ chardon” (Nugent), in Germany
“ karde ” (Grieb), in Italy “ dissaco ” or “ cardo da cardare ” or “ labbro di venere,” and the wild kind
“ cardo selvatico” or “ verga pastore ” (Lenz), in Greece “ skoultara” or “ nërôkratës” (Sibth.), in
Egyptian “ sësënëôr” or “ h ë ir” or “ mëlëta” (Syn. Diosc.) ; and knowledge of var. fullonum with
hooked flower-bracts seems implied in th e “ gnaphou,” instrument with which Pantoleon was put to
death by his brother Croesus, in the lifetime of their father — (Herodot. i. 92) : the word “ gnaptomë-
n ô i” occurs in Aeschylus pers. 568; “ ëgnaptëtô,” in Sophocles aj. 1031 ; “ knaphëion” fulling-mill, in
Herodotus iv. 14; and the “ knaphon përistihôën ” plant is mentioned by the comic poet Alcaeus,
Antiphanes, Herodian, and the Etym. magnum ; but the cultivated form together with the art of raising
nap on woollen cloth has disappeared from Greece and Eg yp t; the “ thipsakos” of Dioscorides
with a tall prickly stem surrounded at intervals by connate opposite leaves, is referred by writers to
D. sylvestris in the wild state with straight flower-bracts ; observed by Sibthorp, C « « a r d , and
Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna. Westward, the “ thipsakos” o r o n o k a r th io n ”
or “ aphrothites lôutrôn ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ skiare ” of the Dacians, and la-
vrôum v ën ë ris” or “ karthôum vënëris ” of the Romans; the “ carduus nondum fullonibus aptus” is
mentioned by Serenus Sammonicus: D. sylvestris is described by Fuchsius 225 ; is termed “ d. s.
autv irg a pastoris major ” by Tournefort inst. 466; is known to occur along roadsides from Italy
throughout middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 402, and Pers.) ; and var. fullonum, described by Lobel
ii. pl. 17, continues abundantly cultivated for manufacturing purposes. B y European colonists, the
wild form was carried to Northeast America, where I have occasionally met with it springing up
spontaneously in our Northern and Middle States.
“ 571 B. C. = is t year of Ling-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
“ 570 B. C.” (Euseb., and Clint.), in Sicily, accession of Phalaris as king at Agrigentum. — He
reigned “ sixteen ” years.
“ The same y e a r ” (Clint, i. p. 214 and 236 = 526 + “ 44 years ” of Herodotus and
the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ouaphris succeeded by Amasis II. or Amôsis IL, eighth king
of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. The name of king Aahmas II. occurs at Beghe in
Nubia (Glid. analect.), at Elephantine, on the rocks at Philæ, on stones (employed in
^ building the citadel of Cairo), and on moveable articles (now in the museums of Europe).
Aalimes II. overthrew the independence of Cyprus (Herodot. ii. 178 and 182). He also permitted
the Greeks to build a temple at Naucratis, near one of the mouths of the N ile ; perhaps the
first introduction of Greek architecture into Egypt.
One hundred and twelfth generation. May ist, 567, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poet Euga-
mon of Cyrene ; the musician Pythocritus ; the philosopher Anaximenes ; Cadmus of Miletus who
first wrote history in prose.
The Greek philosopher Pherecydes, preceptor of Pythagoras, visited Egypt (Clem. A lex. 1. p.
129, and Leps. eg. and sin. p. 385), and is regarded by Cicero tusc. i. 16 as contemporary with Servius
Tullius, si.xth king of Rome. . ,
“ 564 B. C .” (Euseb., and Clint.), at Delphi, Aesop arriving with presents from Croesus, giving
rise to some dispute, slain by the Delphians.
“ In this year ” ( = 544 + “ 20 years ” of Herodot., and Clint.), Alalia in Corsica founded by
Phocaean Greeks.
“ 563 B. C.” (Buddhist ann , and Buns, iv 7. 2), reform in the Hindu religion commenced by
Buddha, now in his “ 35th ” year teaching. , „ - j 1 n
Mangifera Indica of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in S a n s c r i t “ amra’’ (R o « . , and Pidd.),
in Bengaiee “ am,” in Hindustanee “ amba ” (D’rozar.) in Telinga “ mamadi-chitoo,” in Tamil “ man-
gas marum ” (Lindl.) ; and the shrine of the seven “ manguiers ” is mentioned in the Sutra Mandhatri,
14. A\ '
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