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Medicago maculata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain heart-clover
(Prior p. 50), in Greece “ triphullommaten ” (A ng.), in which we recognize the h eO P T C L SvefPe
of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 25, — and gloss. Laud. 567, referred here by Cockayne : M. maculata
IS described by Anguillara p. 285 (Spreng.), and Morison ii. pl. 15 ; is termed “ medica echinata
glabra cum maculis nigricantibus ” by Tournefort inst. 410 ; and is known to grow from Ihe Mediterranean
to Britain (A ll., Curt. lond. iii. pl. 47. and P ers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to mount A th os; and is
described by Pallas (SteuL ). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
was observed by A. Gray “ introduced with wool into waste grounds in some places.”
Trifolium procumbens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A yellow-flowered species
called in Britain hop-clover; and the h y m € Le of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 52, — figured with
trefoil leaves in manuscript G, is referred here by Cockayne: T. procumbens is term ed'“ t. lupuli-
num ” by Rivinus tetrapt. pl. 10, “ t. pratense iuteum capitulo lupuli vel agrarium ” by Tournefort
inst, 404; and is known to grow in grassy situations throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark
(Vaill. par. pi. 22, fl. Dan, pl. 945, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
frequent in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor and Cyprus; by Hasselquist!
around Damietta on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where it continues in waste and cultivated ground as far inland as Kentucky (A.
G ray); also to Austral Africa (Drege, and A. Dec.).
Aspernla odorata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wood-rofe or
wood-ruff or wood-row or wood-rowel from its whorled leaves resembling rowels of ancient spurs
(Prior), in which we recognize the VVVd V r o f € of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 33 and 53, — and
the “ woderoue” termed “ herba rauscata herba citrina” in gloss. Harl. 3388 (an instance acéording
to Prior of the adoption of a French word into Anglo-Saxon) : A. odorata is figured in manuscript V
of the Anglo-Saxon transl, Diosc. 174 (Harley and Cockayne) ; is termed “ aparine latifolia humilior
montana” by Tournefort inst, 114; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.) ; and is known to
grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 15, and Pers.). Eastward, was
observed by Sibthorp in shady situations on the Bithynian Olympus and around Constantinople.
According to Smith, and Lindley, “ the herb while drying has the scent of new hay,” and “ passes for
a diuretic.”
D igitalis purpurea of middle Europe. Called in Britain foxglove, in Norway “ rev-bielde”
fox-bell, in France “ gantes de notre dame,” in Germany “ fingerhut” (Prior), in which we recognize
the f o x e s g L O f a ,o f the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 144, — and a manuscript glossary of
ZElfric : D. purpurea is termed “ digitalis ” by Fuchsius, who remarked the absence of Greek and
Latin names; is described also by Tragus 339 (Spreng.), and F. Columna (Mentzel.) ; and is
known to grow wild throughout middle Europe as far as Norway (fl. Dan. pl. 74, Ehrard, and A.
D ec.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under’ cultivation
; to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it seldom flowers. The leaves and seeds
according to Lindley “ afford one of the most valuable of known medicines, for the purpose of reducing
the action of the heart, promoting the action of the absorbents, as a diuretic, and for producing a
specific action over the cerebro-spinal system.” °
Calamintha acinos of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain basil-thyme
(Prior), and the m iS T e L of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 119, — identified by Cockayne with the
basil,^ m aybe compared; C. acinos is described by Fuchsius p. 896, Anguillara p. 218, Lobel, and
Clusius (Spreng.), and Parkinson th. p. 19; is termed “ clinopodium arvense ocymi facie” by
Tournefort inst. 195; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; is known to grow wild in Italy
(Lenz), and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Curt. lond. i, pl. 43).
Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus; and is described
by Pallas.
Calamhitha clinopodium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in North America
S m e r O V V y r T of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 20 — is referred here by Cockayne p. Ivi : P.
vulgaris is described by W. Coles (Prior); is known to grow in wet situations in Switzerland and
throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Oed. dan. pl. 93, Pers.,
Hook., and W ats.). Eastward, is known to grow in Siberia (W ats.). Farther East, a Pinguicula
was observed by Chamisso on St. Lawrence Island; and P. vulgaris is known to grow on wet rocks
from Lake Superior to Western New York (A. Gray).
Satyrium viride of middle Europe. T l ie h r S c e f n e s Leô„C raven’s leek of the Anglo-Saxon
transl. Apul. 16 — may be compared (the figure according to Cockayne being that of Satyrium of
Linnæus and not a Habenaria): S. viride is knovvn to grow in mountain meads from Britain throughout
middle Europe (E ngl. bot. pl. 94, and Pers.) ; was observed by Haller pl. 26 in Switzerland.
badl (A. Gray), in Greece “ kopsohorton ” (Sibth.), and the “ m istel” in question, although the
fio-ure does not well agree, is referred here by Cockayne: C. clinopodium is described by Valerius
cterdus, Gesner, Matthioli, and Clusius (Spreng.) ; is termed “ c. origano simile elatius majore fo lio ”
bv Tournefort inst. 195 ; is known to grow in Algeria (B enth.), Italy (Lenz), and throughout middle
Europe as far as Sweden and Kasan (fl. Dan. pl. 933, Fries, and Ledeb.). Eastward, was observed
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in mountainous stony places in the Peloponnesus and Crete; is known
to »row on Caucasus, and throughout middle Asia as far as Cashmere and Lake Baikal (Ledeb., and
Belth.). By European colonists, was carried to the Azores (W ats.) ; to Northeast America, where
it has become naturalized in open situations from Newfoundland and Canada to South Carolina and
Missouri (Hook., Beck, and A. Dec.). ^ ^
Lysim achia n u m m u la ria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called m Britain moneywort
i^xxox') \ the C e n T i m O r b l A . of the Anglo-Saxon tramsl. D iosc. 162 — is referred here by
Lovell, Lyte, and Nemnich (Cockayne): L. nummularia is termed “ 1. humifusa folio rotundiore flore
luteo” by Tournefort inst. 141 ; and is known to grow in wet soil throughout middle Europe as far
as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 493, Curtis lond. iii. pl. 14, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal,
and Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople.
Holcus lanatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The CVVI C6 of the Anglo-Saxon
transl. Apul. 79 — may be compared with the “ weich ” of Hildegarde ii. 165, referred here by Sprengel:
H. lanatus i.s termed “ gramen pratense paniculatum molle ” by Tournefort inst. 522; and is known
to grow in meads in France and throughout middle Europe (Vill., Curt. lond. iv. pl. 11, and P ers.).
Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. By European colonists (according to
Josselyn) couch-grass was carried to New England, and H. lanatus has been observed by myself
sparingly naturalized in the environs of Salem.
“ 956 A. D .” (A ist., and N icol.), at Rome, Agapetus II. succeeded by Joannes X IIL , sixtysixth
archbishop.
“ 957, Oct. i s t ” (Nicol. p. 356), Edwyn succeeded by Edgar, twelfth Anglo-Saxon kmg ot England.
Dunstan in this year made bishop of Worcester (Cockayne iii. 435).
“ 959 A. D .” (Blair), in England, the power of the monks very high. Dunstan and Ethelwold,
with king Edgar, expelling the secular and married clergy from the great ecclesiastical foundations
and substituting Benedictines (Cockayne iii. p. 406).
“ Nov. 15” (Sm. b. d.), Constantinus V II. Porphyrogenitus succeeded by his son Romanus,
thirty-seventh Byzantine emperor.
“ 960 A. D. = ‘kian-loung,’ ist year of Tai-tsou III.,” head of the new dynasty of the Soung
(Chinese chron. table). A decree was issued or renewed by Tai-tsou III., making the emperor’s
signature indispensable to the execution of death-sentences— (Pauth. p. 337).
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Siva Swasa reigning
in Hindu.stan.
“ g6i A. D .” (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), Crete recaptured from the Muslims by Nicephorus Phocas.
“ In this year ( = 350 A. H .,” Elph. v. 2), Abclulmelek succeeded by Mansur, now sixth Saraani
king of Bactria. Alptegin, having given his vote against Mansur, deprived of the government of
Khorasan, but with a body of adherents found safety at Ghazni in the heart of the mountains of Soli-
inan. The position, near the Indus, is important, as — subsequently the point of departure of Muslim
invasions of Hindustan.
“ 963 A. D .” (A lst., and Sm. b. d.), Romanus succeeded by Nicephorus Phocas, now Nicephorus
II., thirty-eighth Byzantine emperor. Writings by the emperor Nicephorus Phocas are extant.
About tills time (tradit., and Colebrooke as. res. viii. 467), Govindanafha, “ instructor of Sancara,”
expounding the Vedas.
“ 964 A. D. = 2d year of the ‘ kian-te ’ of Tai-tsou III.” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the
Sixty-first cycle.
“ The same year” (Blair), Italy conquered and united with Germany by king Otto or Otho:
who now assumed the title of “ emperor.” And deposing Joannes X IIL , Leo V III. was elected
sixty-seventh archbishop.
“ 965 A. D .” (A lst., and N icol.), at Rome, Leo V III. succeeded by Benedictus V ., sixty-eighth
archbishop.
“ 966 A. D .” (Alst., and N ico l), at Rome, Benedictus. V. succeeded by Joannes X IV ., sixty-
ninth archbishop.
“ 967 A. D .” (Blair), the city of Antioch recovered from the Muslims by Nicephorus II. Phocas.
One hundred and fifty-eighth generation. Sept. ist, 967, onward mostly beyond youth : the
Jewish writers, Joseph Ibn Santas: the Arab writers, Ebn Samhun, Caboudi, Harib, Ibn al-Gezzar,
Temimi, Salmana: the Greek writers Suidas d. about 974- Symeon Magister d. after 97S1 Leo diaconus
d. about 987 : Abbo, the historian Armoin : the naturalist Alfredus.
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