î
as North Cape and Finland (fl. Dan. pl. 6, Linn. fl. lapp. pi. 6, Fries, and Hook.). Eastward, was
observed by Gmelin from the Biela river to Ochotsk and Kamtchatka; by Chamisso, in East Siberia
as far as Bering Straits, and on the Aleutian Islands; by Mertens, around Norfolk Sound ; by myself,
on the alpine summits of the White mountains of New England; was received by Hooker ii. 44 from
Arctic America, Newfoundland (A. Dec.), and Iceland.
S c r o p h u l a r i a v e r n a l i s of middle Europe. Described by Clusius pann. 595 — (Spreng.), and
known to grow in France, Italy, Switzerland, and Austria (Pers.). In Britain, seems first mentioned
by Aiton ii. 342, but has become frequent about towns and along hedges, and is regarded by Watson
and A. Decandolle as exotic.
L i n a r i a g e n i s t i f o l i a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. ^ Described by Clusius pann.
308— (Spreng.) ; termed “ 1. flore pallido rictii aureo” by Tournefort inst. 170, “ ant. pallidiflorum”
by Lamarck fl. fr., and known to grow from Switzerland and Saxony to Siberia (Pers.) : observed by
Jacqnin austr. pl. 244 in Austria; by Sibthorp, from mount Athos to Constantinople. By European
colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by H. G. Clark, and Lesquereux, along “ roadsides.
New York, near the city ” (A .G ra y ) . • . . .
“ In this y e a r ” (Klapr. chrest. p. viii), the Mandchous increasing in power and extending their
conquests over Tartary and in the direction of China.
“ In this year ” (Dutch mem. emb., and Stanley note to De Morga 80), a mission of four Franciscans
and a Jesuit, obtaining an audience of Fide-josi, receive permission to establish themselves at
Meaco, on condition of not converting any Japanese.
“ 1584, July 13th” (Haki., Churchill coll., and Holmes), Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow under
a charter from queen Elizabeth obtained by Walter Raleigh, arriving at Wohoken Island, outside
of Pamlico Sound. Landing, they took formal possession ; and Barlow with seven men proceeded up
the Sound to Roanoke Island, to a village “ of nine houses, built with cedar, and fortified with sharp
tr e e s ” (palisades); meeting with “ d e e r ” ( C e r v u s V i r g i n i a n u s ) , “ rab b e ts ” ( L e p u s p a l u s t r i s ? ) ,
“ hares” ( L e p u s A m e r i c a n u s ? ) , and “ fowl” (M e l e a g r i s g a l l o p a v o ) ; also “ v in e s ” ( V i t i s v u l p i n a ) ,
“ pines, s a s s a f r a s , cyp res s” ( T a x o d i u m d i s t i c h u m ) , “ mastich-trees ” ( R h u s c o p a l l i n a ) , “ white co r t ,
and some pearls.” Also (according to Strachey 142) “ currants” ( V a c c i n i u m ) , and “ the tree that
beareth the rind of black synamon, of which like Capt. Winter brought from the Streights of Magellaun”
( M a g n o l i a g l a u c a ) . , . „ , . , „ t •
In this y e a r ” (Spreng,), Guafridus Linocierus publishing his Hist,, chiefly derived from Lerius,
Garcias, Acosta, and others. ,
“ 1585 A D .” (art de verif.), the title “ quambuku” conferred by Ookimatz on Fide-josi, rendering
him equal and in effect, depriving himself of all temporal power: the ceremony only remaining of
a visit of homage every three to five years. ,
“ June 26th” (H ak i, and Holmes), Richard Greenville under instructions from Walter Rateigli,
arriving at Wohoken Island. After examining the neighbouring continent, he proceeded to Roanoke
Island, and left there - one hundred and seven persons ” under Rafe Lane ; being the first settlement
in America attempted by the English. He next sailed along the coast “ one hundred and thirty miles,”
as far North as “ the country of the Chesepeaks.” . , ,
In the country around (De Bry i. 7) Flariot met with a kind of herb two and a half feet or more
hi»h lar»e-leaved and in its leaves producing silk ( A s c l e p i a s C o r n u t i ) ; “ linum ” growing wild ( L i n u m
V i r g i n i l n u m ) ; trees in great abundance yielding turpentine, tar, and resin ( P i n n s a u s t r a l i s ) ; ^
“ cedrus,” furnishing “ odoratum” timber suitable for cabinet-work ( J u n i p e r u s V i r g i n i a n a ) ; “ vitis
of two kinds, one with acerb grapes as large as the English ( V i t i s l a b r u s c a ) , the other with much
larger »rapes full of juice ( V . v u l p i n a ) ; nuts of two kinds that will yield oil ( C a r y a a l b a , and C. s u L -
c a l a ) ■ berries of three kinds, in shape “ glandibus similis,” from which oil is procured by the natives
( M y r i c a c e r i f e r a , O l e a A m e r i c a n a , P y r u l a r i a o l e í f e r a * ) ; various kinds of gums ( . . . . ) , and other
* S a p i u m s e b i f e r u m of . . . . The t a l l o w t r e e “ twenty to forty feet high ” (Chapm.), is called
the environs of Bombay “ p ip p a lyan k ” (Graham) ; and possibly one of the berries “ glandibus
in
simi
o.,.iilis ” observed by Hariot yielding oil to the natives on the Foanoke ; — S. sebiferum is described
by Plukenet amalth. pl. 390 ; was observed by Michaux under cultivation in our Southern States
(Pers )• by Chapman, in “ Georgia and South Carolina near the coast,” but regarded by him as “ introduced
” Eastward, was observed by Graham in gardens at Bombay ; by Ainslie ii. 433, and Rox-
bur»h in other parts of Hindustan; and according to Drury “ introduced,” but now extensively
culttvOTed in the Dhoons and Punjaub, its seed-vessels “ hard brownish husks not unlike those of
chestnuts.” Farther East, the “ kuei-xu ” was seen by Navarrete i. 15 in 1663 used by the Chinese
for making candles: S. sebiferum is used for this purpose in Northern China, and “ forms a v a s t
trade” (Abel trav. in chin. 177, and Drur.).
909
“ meclicamenta ” ( . . . . ) ; “ rhus coriariorum” ( R h u s g l a b r a ) ; the herb “ wassewowr” ( . . . . )
cooked, small and slender roots called “ chappacor” ( . . . . } , and the bark of the “ tangomocko-
mindge ” tree ( . . . . ) , furnishing the natives with different red dyes ; “ kaishucpenauk,” a white root
of the size and shape of a hen’s egg, cooked and eaten by the natives but the flavour not agreeable
( . . . . ) ; “ cocushaw,” a root growing in marshes, poisonous until dried and prepared by the natives,
when it is pulverized and made into bread ( C a l a d i u m ( X a n t h o s o m a ) s a g i t t i f o l i u n i ) ; “ habascon,” a
hot root in size and form like “ pastinacae,” not eaten by itself but cooked with other food ( A n g e l i c a
l u c i d a ) ; “ allia,” growing in many places and much like the English, eaten by ourselves but not by
the natives ( A . C a n a d e n s e ) ; “ nuces regiæ ” in the greatest abundance, occupying a third part of the
forest for many miles and of two kinds, one having a nut in taste and form differing little from the
English but its shell thicker and harder ( C a r y a s u l c a t a ) , the other with a hard and rough bark and a
large sweet oleaginous nucleus which is pounded into a milky juice and mixed in the native cookery
( J u g l a n s n i g r a ) ; “ mora” and other similar fruits such as we have in England ( R u b u s s p . ) ; five
kinds of berries or nuts growing on as many different trees, the “ sagatemener ” ( . . . . ) , “ osamener”
( . . . . ), and “ pummuckoner ” ( . . . . ) , the three from which oil is obtained; the fourth, “ sapum-
mener,” cooked and squeezed having the taste of chestnuts and sometimes made into bread ( . . . .) ;
“ abietes ” large and lofty for masts of ships ( P i n u s tæ d a ) ; “ rakiock,” a large tree furnishing canoes,
its timber valuable and easily worked ( L i r i o d e n d r o n t u l i p i f e r c i ) ; “ aquifoiia, ad viscum ” ( I l e x o p a c d ) ;
“ sa lic e s ” suitable for making fish-baskets ( S a l i x n i g r a ) , although the natives employ only “ arundi-
nibus ” which are “ firmæ et lentæ,” ( A r u n d i n a r i a m a c r o s p e r m a ) ; “ fa g i” ( P 'a g i i s f e r r u g i n e a ) and
“ fraxini” ( F r a x i n u s p l a t y c a r p a ) , am V A ole i for making buckets and hoops; “ ulmi” ( U lm u s a l a t a ) ;
dwellings covered with mats in great part of “ scirpo” ( S c i r p u s l a c u s t r i s ) ; and among animals,
“ mustelæ odoratæ ” ( M e p h i t i s A m e r i c a n a ) , and the “ seekanauk” (according to the figure L i n i u l u s
A m e r i c a n u s ) .
“ Aug. 6 th ” (Asher edit. Huds., and Churchill coll.), John Davis, seeking a Northwest Passage
in the Strait (that bears his name), arriving at “ 66° 40' N. : ” turning and following the American
coast, he discovered an opening “ on the n th ,” named it Cirmberland Strait, and returned in safety
“ Sept. 30th.” — His Second voyage, in the following year, was interrupted by a mutiny, but he discovered
Davis’ inlet and Tovuctoke Inlet, and traded with the natives “ for seals, stags ” (Cîzotzj-
r a n g i f e r i n u s ) , “ white hares sk in s ” ( I f u s G r oe n l a n d i c u s ) , “ dried fish and some fowl.” On the
“ 30th June, 1587,” on his Third voyage, he reached “ 72° 12', nearly four degrees farther north” in
the Strait than any preceding navigator.
“ The same y e a r ” (Anders, ii. p. 211, and S. F. Haven archæol. Amer. iv. p. 260), Antwerp
captured and sacked by the duke of Parma : revolutionizing the whole system of European commerce,
and rendering English trade independent; for “ one-third part of the merchants and workmen who
worked and dealt in silks, damasks, and taffeties, and in bayes, says, serges, stockings, etc., settled in
England.”
“ 1586 A. D .” (Kaempf. iv. 5, and art de verif.), under Fide-josi, edict against Christians : —■
who from this time were persecuted in Japan.
“ riie same y e a r ” (Hakluyt, Churchill coll., and Holmes), Spanish settlements in the West
Indies plundered by Francis Drake, in “ a fleet of twenty s a il” fitted out by “ private adventurers.”
On his way home, Drake stopped “ June 9 th ” off Roanoke Island; and finding the coloni.sts “ in
distress for want of provision,” offered a passage to England : the invitation was accepted. “ Within
fourteen or fifteen d a y s ” alter the ships had left, arrival of Richard Greenville with supplies. Not
finding the colonists and “ unwilling to lose possession of the country,” Greenville left “ fifteen of his
c rew” upon Roanoke Island, “ with provisions tor two years.”
“ The same year,” Joseph Acosta vii. 3 visiting Mexico.* He enumerates as introduced from
Spain into I ropical America: “ l e t u c e , r a d i s h e s , o n io n s , g a r l i c , p a r s l e y , t u r n e p s , p a r s e n e p s ,h e . c e . \ \ -
genes or apples ot lo v e ” ( S o l a n u m m e l o n g e n a ) , “ s i c c o r i e " (Cichorium), “ b e e t s , s p i n a g e , p e a c h e s ,
a p p l e s , p e a r e s , a few p l u m b s , f i g g e s , q u i n c e s , c h e r r i e s , p o m e g r a n a t s , a lm o n d s rarely, v i n e s , o l i v e s ,
m u l b e r r i e s , and s u g a r - c a n e .
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Camerarius publishing his Epitome, enumerating “ trifolium corniculatum”
Rauwolf. L o t u s o r n i t h o p o d i o id e s \\. f v . 25 (Schmied. ed. G. i. fig. 1 0 ) , G e n t i a n a i r n b r i c a t a
hort. pl. IS, E r y n g i u m a m e t h y s t i n u m li. f l , B u p l e u r u m l o n g i f o l i u m h. pl. 38, C a c h r y s d i c i t r i o w a
* C a r y o c a r b u t y r o s u m o i Guayana. The “ chachapoyas almonds,” growing onlv in the country
of that name and on high trees, oily according to J. Acosta 26 and fatter than those of Siwin, the husk
somewhat bigger and more pricking than chestnut, — may be compared: C. butyrosum'wus observed
by Aublet i. pl. 238 a lurest-tree in Guayana; and from transported specimens is termed "castanea
peruviana” by Clusius hist. i. 8 (Spreng).
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