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598 CH R O N O L O G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
“ Dec. 23d ” (Percev. i. 409), Mohammed commencing his mission.
C i s s u s g la n d u lo s a of Tropical Arabia. Sometimes but improperly called in Yemen “ halucek ” or
“ hælvæk” (For sk. ) : the plant with juice resembling honey in taste and consistence but of a very
strong savour, supposed to have given rise to a passage in kor. 66— (Al Zamakh, and Al Beidawi),
may be compared: C. glandulosa is described by Forskal p. 34 as observed by him in Yemen, its
tuberous roots called “ inimiæ ” sweet to the taste, but leaving behind a burning sensation on the
tongue.
I n g a s a s s a of Abyssinia. The account by Mohammed kor. 56 of “ talh” trees loaded from top
to bottom with their produce — may include the “ sa s sa ” of Abyssinia; observed by Bruce trav. v.
pl. 4 and 5 exuding gum in such quantity as to appear deformed by the size of the concretions. This
gum examined by Guibourt is classed by him among the false tragacanths (Lindl.). The “ samgh
arabi” brought according to Forskal mat. med. from the Hedjas, and from Nigritia by the way of
Sennar, may be compared. (See Acacia gummifera.)
L a u r u s {C a n ip h o r d ) o ff ic in a ru /n of Formosa and Japan. Knowledge of the drug c a ?n p h o r is
implied by the “ cafur” fountain of Mohammed kor. 74— (Al Beidawi, and others) : “ ca fur ” is mentioned
also by Meseab, Mesarguil, Ebn Masawia, Maserjawia, Isaac El5n Amran, Rhazes, Elbasri,,
Mosih, Avicenna, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar; “ kamphora,” by Leo Medicus iii. i, and Matthæus Sylvaticus
(Ha se ) ; “ kaphôura,” by Symeon Sethus, and Michael Psellus ; oil of camphor by Symeon
Sethus Gilpin, bals. 5) ; and according to Ciot-Bey the living tree has been recently introduced into
Egypt. Eastward, the drug camphor is mentioned by the Sanscrit writer Bhavabhuti malat. vi. 3 ; was
met with by Marco Polo 157 ; was known to Masudi as the product of a tree growing in the Indian
seas and China (Ebn Wafid) ; and according to Reeves (med. bot. trans. 1828), is chiefly produced on
ll-ip island of Formosa, and brought in very large quantities to Canton to be distributed. C. officinarum
was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, growing abundantly in Japan, and called “ s jo ” or
usually “ kus-no-ki” or “ damo” or “ surno-fa.” By European colonists, was carried in 1833 to the
environs of Bombay (Graham) ; and at different times to other “ warm parts of the world,” where it
continues under cultivation (Lincll).
“ 6ir, M a y ” (Theophan., and Clint.), Syria invaded by the Persians.
C o i x la c h r y n ia of Tropical Eastern Asia. A reedy grass called in Britain J o d s t e a r s (Prior p.
127), in France “ larme de J o b ” (Fée), translations of “ dima Ayoub ” the current name in Egypt
(Forsk., and Del.), in Egyptian T€ AM tears — (ms. Par. 44. p. 381): the current name contaming
a Scriptural allusion, seems to imply the Early Christian period of Egypt : C. lachryma was observed
by Forskal growing spontaneously around Cairo. Northward and Westward, the “ xulômakarôs
kô ëkô is ” is mentioned by Leo medicus v. 10 (Erm. p. 220) ; C. lachryma is described by Dodoens,
Lobel, Clusius, and Bauhin hist. ii. 450; is cultivated in Italy, France, and Spain, especially in convent
gardens (A. Dec.), and has become naturalized on Sicily and the Canary Islands (Guss. ii. 568,
and Webb). Eastward from Egypt, has a Sanscrit name (Pidd.); was observed by Rheede xii. pl.
70 in Malabar, and called “ cafre” infidel ; by Graham, “ in rice fields, margins of tanks etc , both
Concans, Deccan, and G u z e ra t ; ” and is termed “ lachryma Jobi indica” by Rumphius v. pl. 75.
Farther East, was observed by Mason “ e x o t ic ” in Burmah and called “ ka-le-thee,” by Blanco, well
known to the natives on the Philippines, and called in Tagalo “ tigbi ; ” by Kaempfer, and Thunberg,
frequent in Southern Japan and called “ iokui ” or “ iokui nin,” or usually “ dsud-sudama ; ” by
myself, carried by natives to the Feejeean, Tongan, and as far as the Samoan Islands. By European
colonists, was carried to Madeira, where it has become naturalized (Webb) ; to Northeast America,
where it continues in gardens.
C o ix , possibly a d^istinct species. — The “ ka-le-pouk-pouk ” or c o ix m i l l e t , according to Mason
V . 476 to 522 is “ cultivated very extensively by the Red Karens ” of Burmah, and its large seeds are
“ parched” and “ often for sale in the b a z a r s : ” other varieties or species are also cultivated, ancl
their seeds used for embroidering and ornamenting dresses.
“ 6 i2 a . D . ” (Royle antiq. hind. med. p. 74), death of Warka son of Naefal, who is mentioned
in the Koran, and who first translated the Old Testament into Arabic.
“ 613 A. D . ” (Bl'air), by Clotaire IL , “ mayres du palais” instituted as regents of the French
kingdoms united by him.
“ 614 A. D.” (Alst. p. 346), a synod of Bavarians, French, and Burgundians. Against the new
ceremonies through which Columbanus and Gallus were beginning to oppress the people, contrary
to the institutions of their forefathers.
“ June” (Chron. Pasch., and Clint.), the forces of Heraclius defeated, and Jerusalem captured
by the Persians. — “ A year afterwards ” (Kitt. bibl. cy c l ) , “ peace was concluded,” and “ Heraclius
entered Jerusalem in solemn state.”
“ 615 A. D . ” (Alst., and Clint), at Rome, Bonifacius the fourth succeeded by Deodatus, third
archbishop.
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 599
In this year ( = “ 5th year of Fleraclius and 4th year of Sisibut,” Isid.), in Spain, the Jews baptized
by order of the Gothic king Sisibut. The latest event mentioned in the Chronicle of Isidorus
Hispalensis, — who died “ April 4th, 636” (Sm. b. d.).
A te / ie zn i/ ta a r v e n s i s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A small annual called in
Britain b r e a k s to n e or p a r s le y - b r e a k s to n e from being administered against calculus, or p a i s le y - p ie r t ,
in France “ percepierre” (Coles, and Prior); and the S2^XipRAG2k0f Isidorus breaking up stone
in the bladder— (Braunsw. transl O r t San.), may be compared: the “ percepier” was seen by
Lobel n. stirp. 324 near Bristol in England: A. arvensis is termed “ a. montana minima” by Tournefort
inst. 508; is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. p l 973, and
Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus
to Constantinople. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by
myself naturalized in the Delaware peninsula, by Chapman in “ waste places North Carolina and
Virginia.”
C n e o r um tr ico c c o n o i the West Mediterranean countries. The C I TO C 3..T 1 2% of Isidorus xvii.
9. 65,— and Plildegarde ii. 141, is referred here by Dodoens p. 3Ó3 : C. tricoccon is described also
by Matthioli p. 871 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Southern France, Barbary, and Spain (Lam. i l l
pl. 27, Pers., and Spreng.).
U i r i c u la r ia v u lg a r i s of Northern climates. Called in Britain b la d d e z '-w o r t (Prior) : the
T y p h u s he Rb Y inflating itself out of the water, of Isidorus xvii. 9. loi , — ma ybe compared:
U. vulgaris is described by Lobel pl. 791 (Spreng.); is termed “ millefolium aquaticum lenticulatum”
by C. Bauhin pin. 141 ; was observed by Gussone in Sicily, by Savi in Italy, by Brotero in Portugal,
and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain and Ireland (Pers., and Engl. bot.
pl. 253). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in tlie Peloponnesus ; and is known lo grow ffi middle
Asia (A. Dec.). Farther East, was observed by Drummond at Cumberland House Lat. 54° in
central North America; by E. James, along the Platte (Torr .); by Nuttall, along the Arkansas ;
and is known to grow throughout our Atlantic States as far as North Carolina (Pursh, A. Gray, and
Chapm.).
“ About November ” (Percev. i. 388), by advice of Mohammed, sixteen of his partisans, “ twelve
men and four women,” to avoid persecution escaping to Abyssinia. They were soon joined by others,
making insall “ eighty-three men and eighteen women ; ” and the Abyssinian king, on hearing extracts
from the Koran, protected the refugees and refused to deliver them up to the Coraysh envoys.
“ 6t6 a . D. {y^ 12th year ‘ tai-nie ’ of Yang-ti,” Remus.), Tchin-la or Cambodia beginning to send
tribute and ambassadors to China.
“ In this y e a r ” (Theophan., and Clint.), Egypt once more invaded by the Persians. Who capturing
Alexandria and establishing themselves tbere,— held possession of the country ten years.
About this time (Sharpe), arrival in Alexandria of the Syrian bishop Thomas, to correct the
Syriac version of the New Testament made a century before by Philoxenus. He compared the
gospels with three Greek manuscripts in the monastery of St. Anthony: and his corrected Edition,
is the last effort in sacred criticism attempted at Alexandria or in any part of the East.
“ Black am b e rg r is^ '' of “ the purest fragrance” is mentioned by a poet — quoted in the Arab
romance of Antar (Hamilton’s vers. i.). The “ ambar ” of Haly Abbas, Temimi, Avicenna, Serapion,
Symeon Sethus, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar, is referred by F. Adams to ambergris; and according
to Marco Polo 1S9 to 192, “ labalenne fait I'anbre,” abounding at “ Scotra,” some islands between
there and Hindustan, also at “ Zanghibar,” and “ Madeigascar.” The perfume is further noticed by
Paludanus ; is known to be chiefly brought from the shores of the Indian Ocean ; and according to
Beale and others, is derived from the s p e rm w h a le , Physeter.
“ 617 A. D. ( = 13th year tai-nie,” Remus, mei. i. 77), ambassadors bearing tribute sent from
Cambodia to China. They were received with honour by Yang-ti.
“ In this year ” (Blair), refusal of peace by Chosroes II. of Persia; unless Heraclius “ would
abandon Christianity and adore the sun.”
“ The same y e a r ” (Nicoh), at Rome, Deodatus succeeded by Bonifacius the fifth, fourth archbishop.
“ The same y e a r ” (Cockayne iii. p. 449), /Ethelbryht succeeded as king of Kent by his son
Eadbald. — Who followed the ancient custom of marrying his father's second wife: but on being
converted by Laurentius, abandoned the connexion (Bed. ii. 6).
“ In this year = ‘ y-ning,’ 1st year of Koung-ti IF, of the Soui ” or Fourteenth dynasty (Chinese
chron. table) ; the last ruler of the Soui dynasty.
“ Under the Soui dynasty and in the time of Dagobert king of the Franks ” (Humb. cosm. iv.),
Chinese maps of tlie country between the Yellow river and Caspian, on which the Kuen-hin and
Thian-shan mountain-chains are delineated (but according to the Biograph, univers., Dagobert began
to reign “ in 622 ” ).
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