é i s
4 2 6 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
by Grant growing by water at “ 3° N.” on the Nile, its berries sweet, and a mash of them and its
leaves used to bring fish to the surface.
On the other hand, the Hylophagi according to Agatharchides ascend trees in whole families, and
eat ATTAAUUTATHN ; YAHN the tender parts of the extreme branchlets, and both men and women
go entirely naked.
Cratceva Adansoni of Tropical Africa. A Capparideous tree ; and its young shoots probably
included among the ATTAALUTATHN; YAHN eaten by the Hylophagi: — observed by Guillemin
and Pen'otet in Senegambia; by Grant, in “ 3° 15' N.” along the Nile, its “ fresh shoots made into
spinage and young branches into tooth-scrubbers.”
Capparis tomentosa of Tropical Africa. Called in Madi “ kowangwee ” (Grant) ; and its leaves
probably included among the “ apalbtaten ulen ” eaten by the H y lo p h a g i:— received by Lamarck
enc. 606 from Senegal (Pers.) ; observed by Grant on “ Madi plains ” on the Upper Nile, in famines
spinage made from its leaves.
A fze lia Petcrsiana? of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A forest tree called “ makola” (Grant);
and its young leaves probably included in the “ apaldtaten ulen ” eaten by the Hylophagi: — observed
by Grant from Uzaramo opposite Zanzibar to “ Madi 3° N .” on the Nile, its young leaves eaten as
spinage, and its wood used for quivers drums and door-planks.
Leptadenia lancifolia? of Tropical Africa. An Asclepiaceous plant; and its flowers and tender
shoots included perhaps in the “ apalbtaten nlen ” eaten by the Hylophagi : — observed by Grant in
“ 3° N .” on the Nile, spinage made of its flowers and tender shoots. “ Cynanchum lanceolatum”
was received from Africa by Poiret, and is termed “ c. hastatum ” by Persoon (Steud.).
Protea sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A low tree called in the Kinyoro language “ m’zaza,”
in the Kihiyow “ king’e e z e e ” (Grant); and its leaves perhaps included in the “ apalbtaten u len ”
eaten by the “ Hylophagi: — ob.served by Grant in “ Madi woods ” on the Upper Nile, the leaves
eaten as spinage in dearths, and where it abounds the natives say “ copal is also found.”
Zizyphus melanogona of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A species resembling Z. jujuba is called in
the Kinyoro language “ kalembo,” in Suahili “ m’konazee” (Grant); and the T7 A A I0 Y P 0 Y:
K A PTTO N mixed according to Agatharchides 34 in pounded fish by tlie Ichtliyophagi along the seacoast,—
maybe compared: also the “ grape tr e e ” with “ fruit having a stone,” seen by Ebn Balula
9 at Makdashu on the African coast: observed by Grant in Ugani, and common everywhere, its
branches made into fences, and its fruit mashed and thrown into the water to bring fish to the surface
; observed by myself, a single tree planted on Zanzibar, the leaves glaucous beneath, and clearly
the same species in Hindustan, planted around villages on the Deccan. Z . meianogona was observed by
Bojer, a tree growing on Mombas isle, and specimens were carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated.
Zizyphus spina Christi of the Sahara or Great Desert and its continuation in Arabia. Called
in Egypt “ s id r ” or “ nabk ” (Forsk.) and its fruit “ nabqah ” (Del.), in Yemen “ s id r ” or “ gha.sl”
o r “ aelb,” but the straight-branched variety “ ardj ” or “ orredj ” (Forsk.); and possibly furnishing
the withs TT AA I O Y PUU N : A Y TO I C used according to Agatharchides 63 by the Troglodytes (Galla)
in binding up corjrses : — Z. spina Christi is termed “ z. africana ” by Miller (Steud.) ; was observed
by Alpinus pi. 19 in Egypt; by Forskal, in gardens at Cairo, the fruit eaten ; and again by Forskal
p. 204, in Tropical Arabia; is know‘n to grow in Aethiopia, and as far as Palestine (Pers.). W e s t ward,
was observed by Desfontaines fl. atlant. in Algeria (Del.) ; is perhaps the species seen by
myself not exceeding the dimensions of a shrub on the Cape Verd Islands.
Bassia P a rk ii ai Tropical Africa. The shea butter tree is called “ meepampa” (Grant); and
the drink according to Agatharchides 61 made from a flower for the Troglodyte chiefs, and resembling
poor must f AGYKe l , — maybe compared (sugar and an intoxicating liquor being obtained from
the flowers of other species of Bassia in Hindustan) : B. Parkii was observed by Grant only at
“ 3° N .” on the Nile, its thick bark cut away to cause the exuding of a hard white insoluble gum,
but its wood too hard for the iron tools of the natives. Westward, was observed by Park in Senegambia,
and is described by G. Don. According to Burnett, much of the palm oil of commerce is
yielded by,species of Bassia or other Sapotacem (Lindl).
Salvadora Persica of Nubia, Abyssinia, and Tropical Arabia. Called in Nubia “ r a k ” (D e l)
or “ arak ” (Grant), in Yemen “ rak ” or “ redif,” or the tree “ ork ” and its fruit “ kebath ” (Forsk.) ;
and the K A PA AMO Y of incredible size, growing according to Agatharchides 84 on the plains extending
from the extreme promontory of the Troglodytes (beyond the Red .Sea) back to the Psebaean
mountains, — maybe compared; the “ mustard-tree ” of the parable (Matth. xiii. 31, Mark iv. 31,
and Luke xiii. 19), or the “ chardal” of the Talmudists affording timber “ sufficient to cover a potter’s
shed,” is referred here by Royle (Kitt. bibl. cycl.) : and “ rahous ” are mentioned by Pausanias
ii. 32; “ rack-trees ” were ob.served by Bruce on the Taranta mountains in Ab y s s in ia ; S. Persica,
celebrated in Arab song as an antidote against poison, was observed by Forskal p. 32 along the
base of the mountains in Yemen; its fruit eaten, and bruised leaves applied to tumours; by Grant,
I " A i i
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O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 427
on the “ Nile banks in any quantity at 7°,” its wood used for tooth-scrubbers ; by Delile, on mount
Ghareb in Upper E g y p t ; by Irby and Mangles, at the Southern extreme of the Dead S e a ; and is
known to occur in the low valley of Engedi (J. D. Hook., and Sm. bibl. diet.). Farther East, “ grows
to be a very large tree ” in Scinde and Northern Hindustan (Drur.); is called in Northern Hindustan
“ kharjal” (Royle) o r “ miswak” toothbrush tree (pharm. Ind.), in Telinga “ ghoonia” or “ pedda-
warago-wenki,” in Tamil “ ooghai” (Drur.) ; was observed by Roxburgh cor. i. pl. 26, Ainslie, and
Wight, on the Circars and in peninsular Hindustan ; by Graham, “ near the sea, both Concans,” but
by myself, a large tree planted around villages on the Deccan ; the berries according to Stewart punj.
are sweetish and much eaten, the seed according to Royle having an aromatic pungency and substituted
for mustard; and according to Lindley, and others, the bruised bark of the root is often used
by the natives for raising blisters.
Mimusops kummel of Abyssinia. A tall tree called there “ kummul” (Bruce), on the Nile
“ m’nyemvee ” (Grant) ; and probably included by Agatharchides 84 among the various fruits unknown
to the Greeks and having a feeble NUU0 PAN taste, growing in this region : — M. kummel
was observed by Bruce xii. p l 54 in Abyssinia; by Grant, at “ 3° 15' N.” on the Nile, in the bed of
rocky stream, common.
Raphia vinifera of Equatorial Africa and Madagascar. A lofty palm called on Madagascar
“ raffia ” or “ ruffia ” (Boj.), on the Upper Nile “ nakhl-el-Faraoon ” Pharaoh’s date palm (Schweinf.);
and a «tOINIKOC of incredible size is mentioned by Agatharchides as growing in this region: —
R. vinifera was observed by Beauvois pl. 45 frequent along the banks of streams in Oware and
Benin; by Schweinfurth v. to xiv., in Lat. 5° on the Upper Nile, its fronds “ twenty-five to thirly-five
feet ” long, their midrib “ the most popular building material throughout Central Africa,” and observed
by myself substituted for house-ladders on Zanzibar ; growing also according to Bojer in marshes
along the East coast of Madagascar. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands,
where it continues under cultivation and growing spontaneously (Boj.). From transported specimens
is described by Jacquin fr, pl. 4 (Pers.).
Thespesia populnea o f Tropical shores from Africa to the Samoan Islands in the Pacific. The
bendy oxportiatT&a is called in Hindustanee “ parspippu,” in Bengalee “ poresh,” in Cañara “ boo-
gooi,” in Telinga “ ghengheravie,” in Tamil “ pooarasoo ” or “ porsung” (Drur.); and the M A A A X H C
of incredible size, growing according to Agatharchides 84 in the region in question, — may be compared
; T. populnea was observed by myself .planted in a court-yard in Mocha, its leaves used medicinally
as a cooling application, while at Zanzibar the tree was growing wild along the seashore ; is
known to occur also in Guinea (Graham). Eastward, was observed by Rheede i. pl. 29 in Malabar ;
by Graham in the environs of Bombay, but by myself only under cultivation there ; by Roxburgh,
Ainslie, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of peninsular Hindustan and as far as Bengal, remarkable
for its easy growth from cuttings and frequently used for roadside avenues, its wood making pretty
furniture, and selected for purposes where closeness of grain is required; by Mason, “ exotic ” in
Burmah; by mjself, to all appearance indigenous in the Malayan archipelago; by Blanco, on the
Philippines, and called in Tagalo “ boboi gu b a t; ” and is figured by Rumphius ii. p l 74 (Pers.).
Farther East, was known to the first colonists of New Zealand, for its Polynesian name “ miro”
(Hale) was retained for a New Zealand tree (see Podocarpus ferruginea) ; was observed by myself
submaritime and indigenous along the shores of the Feejeean, Tongan, and as far as the Samoan
islands ; by Rich, on the Tarawan coral-islands ; but clearly by Polynesian colonists, had been carried
to the Hawaiian Islands, where it continued under cultivation.
The “ Isles of the Chelonophagi,” — described by Agatharchides 47. i s low, very numerous, and
abounding \a sea-turlle, seem to be the Laccadive and Maldive Islands ; this being the earliest Greek
notice o i coral-islands. The Chelonophagi are also mentioned by Artemidorus, Pomponius Mela,
Pliny, Solinus, Claudius Ptolemy, and Marcianus.
The absence of twilight in this low latitude, and the disappearance during a portion of the year
of the constellation Great Bear, — are mentioned by Agatharchides 104.
The “ Isles of the Chelonophagi ” (Maldive Coral-islands) continuing devoid of useful plants in
the days of Agatharchides, the American coast visited by Polynesians hardly earlier than this date.
Cocos nucífera of islands along the Pacific side of the Panama Isthmus. The cocoanutpalm is
called in Mexico “ coyolli ” (Hernand), at Taheiti the fruit “ nia ” and the palm “ a r i ” (Forst. esc.
49), throughout the Polynesian islands “ niu,” but also at Taheiti “ ha’ari,” by the Pomotuans “ here-
rei,” by the Mangarevans “ erei,” by the Marquesans “ eei,” by the Rarotongans “ akari ” (Hale),
throughout;
g o t ” (Bla
T e lin g a “ :. ------- ,---------- „ „ . ; .r u r
“ taynga” (Drur,), in Yemen “ nardjil” (Forsk.) ; and known to the Polynesians, if not before colonizing
the Hawaiian islinds, prior at least to their colonizing New Zealand, for on leaving the Trop-
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