! e t ?! ¡Í
Si ’ró ' E ' - ' ! ",
i ta' :? Ili Y i l ' Y I f ?'
m m fg
• ' " 4 Y λ ! HI' t!efl
S e n e a o y y æ a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Tlte I a K UU BI a commended as a
cooling application by Leo philosophus med. v. i and vii. i, - is referred hefe by writers ; S. jacobæa
MmY es Ywar/di , is rt ermedt e Yja c’oYbæ a vulgaris loanc inmiaotuan”t sb yA Tthoonsr naenfodr tS iinpsytl.u 4s,8 5a n; da nadro iusn kdn oCwonn sttoa ngtirnoo/p i]n/
mots places in France and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. ,130, Pers., fl. Wett., and Steud.).
in this year ( = 823 0 “ 16 years reign” of the Mahavams. liv.), Mahayensan succeeded by
Salamewan, now king of Ceylon. — He collected an army of Malabars
( C h iY i c t o f Ïm ;')" '" '" ’“ *'’ ° ‘ ' '' - “-'“ “ S' tt tt'
“ 842 A. D .” (A lst.), Theophilus succeeded by his son Michael III., thirty-third Byzantine
emperor. Ruling jointly with his mother Theodora — for thirteen years.
Ih e same year” (art de verif.), Motassem succeeded by Wathek, ninth Abbassid khalif
Q te"™,«®/, ’ end of the chronicle of Nicephorus of Constantinople.
r ! 1” Y*"'"’ N icol.), by the French peers assembled at Thionville, “ a new
lpea rCuhtiaounv eo, fa nthde GFerremncahn yd otom Linoiuoniss IaIm. ong the three brothers : ” Fran. ce being assigned to vC-hnaarnlcess 1II1 .
In or about this Renaudot), arrival of Ebn Wahab at Canfu (Canton), “ the port for all
ships and goods ot Arabs who trade to China.” A zf.ty of “ thirty per tent ” wa/ exaette onteer
7He ffotuentde l t'lTie TChm neseE ■ fo ndE of gam"i®ng' "a'®n"d® a “il ftm"'a“n ner of diversions,” dressinsgp liint scia7nke;” p(obsasmesbsoion)g.
go/d, silver, pearls, and “ rich stuffs in great abundance;” receiving from foreign parts ivory frank-
E E E E r y - y y ' ^ - r i i e l l , a m y n y (rhinoceros) horns; making “ ware of equal fineness
rte tYo ate p oll tax onT y, ith e' re being “ no "ifmt™p"o sftt '"o“n lands; ” and in time“s "otfo «d®ea rrtih ,r itchee ” em(aprrearocrk’)s ; stsourbe-houses
were opened. Thelt, as in India, was always punished with death ; and “ both poor and rich
learn to lead and write. Proceeding a lofig distance inland to the seat of government, he found the
enipei or regarding himself as one of the “ four ” great kings : the others being, the king of tlie Arabs,
the king ot the Greeks, and the balhara (Indian king). The emperor also held, “ That principalitie?
cannot subsist but by lorce, and that the people know not what justice is ” cipaitties
Sagus laevis of the Eastern portion of the Malayan Archijtelago. Frequent in Sumatra and
Malacca and called in Malay “ ramb.ya” (Lindl.) : Ebn Wahab found the Chinese acquainted vvith
trees which bear mea - la r g e trees full of meal beneath the bark, were found by Marco Polo 170
on Java, and Mandeville ,8 learned that on a large isle near “ grow trees that bear meal, of which men
7 / 7 7 I fo and Lindley, some of the finest sago of Malacca is prepared
from the soft cellular substance of the trunk of S. laevis. and it forms the principal part of the food
of the natives of the 1 oggy Islands, along the West coast of Sumatra. A lofty sago palm , the trunk
smooth, was observed by myselt planted near Singapore.*
cf th lS ty -n S th T y te /Y " '' ‘ W ou-tsoung” (Chinese chron. table), beginning
• 1 7 ft"ite-te® ” N icol.), at Rome, Gregorius IV. succeeded by Sergius II thirtyeighth
archbishop. Against whom, Drogo son of Charlemagne and bishop of Metl was sent ite Louis 11. with an army, to recall him to obeying the empire.
. 'tete te ' B Ï Oriuth. 327), in China, the number of priests and priestesses of Fo (Budha) ascer-
tain®dto be ' £ 0 ,0 0 0 ; and those of the Ta-thsin (Christian and Magian religions) to be about
th,eethaus.and. The destruction of the temples of all foreign religions and dispersion of the
priesthood among the people, now ordered by the emperor Wou-tsoun»
^ “ The same year” (Talvi iii. i), at Ratisbon on the Danube, b/ptism of fourteen Bohemian
pnnces. - Forty-nine years afterwards, the head of the nation duke Borzivog received baptism; but
Stet'tete’’ ' established in these regions until the s'econd half of the Tenth
Walafridus Strabo at this time writing. — He died in 849 (Spren».).
/'’f i l l y knris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. “ Called in Britain zzWreuv
(Prior), m Germany “ wild salbey” or by some “ ambrosiam ” (Trag.) ; in wliich we recognize the
wikl safoeyen” i m £ o S f e m of Walafridus Slrabo, - and “ salvia agrestis ” of Hieronymus
apodix (Braunsweig): S. pratensis was observed by Tragus i. pl. 4 and litt. Brunf. in Germany,
fragrant and used medicinally ; is termed “ sclarea pratensis foliis serratis flore cæ ruleo” by Tournefort
mst. 179; IS known to grow from Britain throughout middle Eurojre (Engl. bot. pl. 153, Bull.
feren*t qSuqayli/tya r(iRnoixfebr, aan odf Lthined lM).a layan Archipelago. - Also found to Jy ield but of a very, indifherb.
pl. 357, and Vill.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus throughout
the Greek islands to Smyrna in Asia Minor.
“ In this year ( = 231 A. PL comm. Sept. 6th,” Gildem. p. 124), the Arab traveller Salam journeying
in Northern Asia (Ebn Khordaltah).
“ 847 A. D. = ‘ta-tchoung,’ ist year of H iouan-tsoung” or Siouan-tsoung, of the Thang or
Fifteenth dynasty (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). H e permitted the rebuilding of temples and
monasteries.
“ The same year” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Sergius II. succeeded by Leo IV., thirty-ninth archbishop.
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Wathek succeeded by Motawakkel, tenth Abbassid khalif.
Coins issued by Motawakkel, are figured in Marcel p. 56.
Honain-ebn-Izhak, a pupil of Ebn Masawia, received the appointment of physician to Motawakk
el— (Abulfarag., Sjrreng. hist, med., and Greenh.). He died in 873 (Ebn Kallikan).
Crolon tiglinm of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. The “ dend” of H onain,— A. C. Elrahib,
Hobaisch, Rhazes, SerajMon, I. B. Ali, and Ebn Baitar, is referred by Sontheimer, and Royle, to it?
imported seeds: “ abelmeluk” or “ hab el-molouk ” Molucca seeds, are enumerated by Aljnnus i. p.
178 to 181, and Delile, as used medicinally in E g y p t; and according to Lindley, much of the croton
oil sold in Europe is made from seeds of C. tiglium. Eastward, this plant is called in Sanscrit
“jayapala,’’ in Hindustanee “ jamalgata” (Lindl.); was observed in Hindustan by Rheede ii. pl. 33,
Roxburgh iii. p. 682, and is described by Graham as “ a small tree ” growing in the Southern Concan
“ not common,” but “ in abundance in Travancore; ” was observed in Ceylon by Burmann pl. 90,
and specimens were received from Ceylon by Lindley. Farther East, is described by Mason v. p.
492 as “ exotic” m Bnrmah, called “ khan-na-kho,” and “ frequently seen under cultivation,” the
seeds being u.sed medicinally by the natives.
Crotmi pavana of Ava and the Eastern border of Hindustan. An allied species, — rerarded
by Hamilton linn, trans. xiv. 259 as having probably furnished the original “ grana tilli ” or “ »rana
dqiullaal.i”ty .”According to Lindley, “ iu all probability others equally allied to it will yield an oil of similar
“ 84S A. D .” (Blair), the Venetian fleet in the Bay of Crotona totally defeated by the Muslims
“ O ctober” (A lst., and Nicol.), a synod at Mayence. The opinions of Godescalcus (Gothes-
chalc) on predestination and free-will, opposed by Rabanus Maurus and condemned.
“ The same year” (Irish annals, quoted by Wilde journ. Ulst. 27 for July 1859, Troyon p 219)
the crannoge of Lagore in Meath county sacked and burned by mercenaries under Cinaedh : — and
“ in 933,” the islet demolished by Aulaiv O'Hivair during the incursions of fhe Scandinavians “ In
1246, Turlough escaped from the crannoge of Lough-Leisi. “ In 1368,” Teige was made prisoner
by treachery in his crannoge of Ard-an-choillin. “ In 1436,” the crannoge of Loch-Laoghaire was
captured by the sons of Brian O’N eill: and similar notices occur from 1455 to 1560. In Mona»han
county “ in 1591,” as shown by a map made by Francis Jobson, the dwellings of the chiefs are atl on
islets. “ In 1603,” mention is made of the crannoge of Nan-Duini. The last notice of a cranno»e
IS “ in 1610,” of one in Galway county. »
Greek inscriptions of about this date (Sylvestre). present the following form ofth e letter p
“ 851 A. D. (=: 1511th of Synmu,” art de verif.), Ninmio succeeded bv his eldest son Monloku
or Bontoku, now dairo of Japan. The gardens of his imperial palace were laid out by his prime minister
— (hist., and Jap. c. c. 116).
The following plants cultivated in Japanese gardens as early perhaps as this year: of “ evergreen
trees and shrubs,” * the “ saw ara” (Chamaecyparispisifcra), “ \huki (Juniperus Japónica),
* Citrus Japónica of Japan. A shrub called in Japan “ kinkan,” and from early times cultivated
m gardens — (Jap. c. c. 35) : observed in Japan by Thunberg 292, its fruit not lar»er than a cherry (Pers.). »
P iy p o r u m tobira of Southern Japan. An ornamental slirub called “ tobera,” from early times
Ranted ,n gardens — (Jap. c. c. 35): observed in Japan by Cleyer ii. 9. f. 22 (Spreng.), Kaempfer,
hteuste Lreusported lo Europe and to North America, has become a favorite in our green-
Ilex integra óf Jajran. Called there “ moji-no-ki,” and from early times planted in gardens___
(Jap. c. c. 35): observed in Japan by Thunberg (P ers.). ^ •
Ilex latifolia of Japan. Called there “ tarayo,” and from early times planted in gardens — (lao
®-.to 3S): observed in japan by Thunberg (Pers.).
Podocarpus m aki of Japan, as far as Yeso. Called by the Ainos “ tsikuni,” in Jajran “ niaki ”
(bieb,), and from early times planted there in gardens — (Jap. c. c. 35) : known to grow on Yeso
Ï '