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8o2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
“ The same year” (Clavig,, and Humb. atl. pict.), Huitzilihuitl succeeded by Chimalpopoca, third
Mexican emperor.*
“ 1411 A. D.” (voyag. Belg.), from Riga journeying through Courland, Guillebert de Lannoy met
with Christians who retained the practice of burning the dead, with accompanying superstitious observances.
At Novogorod, women were sold in the market. In Lithuania, through the efforts of the
Teutonic military Order of monks, the people had already adopted Christianity ; Witholt being duke.
— Returning after ten years absence, he found Witholt leagued with the followers of Huss, in opposition
to the church of Rome.
“ 1412 A. D. (=815 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Mozaffer Shah succeeded by Ahmed Shah, now
second Muslim king of Guzerat (remarkable among the States of Hindustan for being a naval
power).
“ In this year” (art de verif.), Faradj succeeded by Shekh Mahmoudi; who partly through the
interference of the spiritual khalif Mostain, now became twenty-fourth Memluk sultan. Shekh Mahmoudi
(according to Wilkinson theb. and eg. p. 555) coined the moaiudee as a substitute for the
^ ‘ The mosque Moaitid, one of the principal ones in Cairo, was built by Shekh Mahmoudi (Wilk.
theb. and eg.).
Melilotus Indica of the plains of Hindustan. Brought to Egypt as early probably as this date :
— observed- there by Forskal, and Delile, growing around Cairo, Alexandria, and Rosetta, and called
“ rekrak” or “ nafal.” Farther North, observed by D'Urville, and Bory, on the Greek islands and in
the Peloponnesus ; and Westward, described by Plukenet aim. pl. 45 ; was observed by Sibthorp in
Sicily; by Desfontaines, and Schousboe, in Algeria and Morocco; and is known to grow spontaneously
in Southern France, and even in Britain (All., Dec. fl. fr., Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from
Egypt, was obseiwed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan, and according to Graham “ on pasture
grounds etc. appears in the cold season.” From Europe, was carried by colonists to Northeast
America, where it has been found growing spontaneously (Torr., and A. Dec.). “ M. parviflora,
sulcata,” and “ Mauritanica,” are regarded as probably not distinct.
Melilotus Italica, regarded as distinct, —is described by Commelyn hort. pl. 29; is termed
“ m. italica folliculis rotundis ” by Tournefort inst. 407 ; was observed in Italy by Tenore, and by
Desfontaines ii. 192 in Barbary. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the
Peloponnesus and the environs of Athens ; and by Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains.
“ From the end of the year to June i8th” following (Nicol.), a synod in Rome. Against the
writings of Wiclef.
“ 1413 A. D.” (Alst), Muse Gilibi succeeded by his brother Mohammed, seventh Turkish
sultan.
“ The same year (= 2073d of Synmu,” art de verif ), Gokomatz succeeded by his son Seokouo,
now dairo of Japan.f
“ 1414, Nov. i6th ” (Alst., and Nicol.), “ Seventeenth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened
at Constance. “ Deputies and lay doctors” were allowed a deliberative voice: —and in a second
session, “ March 3d” following, the pope solemnly published his act of cession; “ May 29th,”
Joannes X X III. was deposed; and “ July 4th,” Gregorius X II. abdicated. “ July 6th,” a decree,
“ That faith is not to be kept with heretics,” and John Huss condemned to be burned. “ July 26th,
1417,” Benedictus was declared deposed, but refused to submit to the authority of the Council; and
“ Nov. n th” in the “ forty-first” session, a new pope was elected; the Council ending “ Apr.
22d, 1418.”
In this year (= “ 12th year young-lo,” Remus iii. 96), tribute sent to China from Cambodia.
Complaint was made of invasions by the Anamese, repeatedly interrupting communication, and a
Chinese official returned with the envoys bearing an order to the king of Anam to cease hostilities.
* Cissampelos pareira of “ the West India Islands and Spanish Main.” The “ pareira brava” £
is a twining Menispermoid plant; its root from early times used medicinally, —being “ a
well-known tonic, and diuretic.” (Lindl.) : C. pareira was observed in the West Indies by Alcedo,
Plumier pl. 93, Swartz pl. 10, and Descourtilz. By European colonists was carried across the Pacific
to the Philippines, continues according to Blanco hardly known but is called in Ylocano “ cusctisipa,”
at Agoo “ calaad,” at Batangas “ calacalamayan,” and on Cebu “ batangbatang; ” to Hindustan, where
it isffialled in Hindustanee “ dukli-nirbisee ” (Drur.), and has become “ common in hedges ” from
Bombay to Rajmahal and Nepaul (Roxb,, Royle, and Graham).
t Celastrus alaius of Japan. A shrub well-known there, and from early times offers of marriage
made by affixing a branch to the house of the damsel’s parents — (Jap. mann. 179) : C. alatus was
observed in Japan by Thunberg 98 (Pers.).
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 803
1415 A. D. (Markham p. liii), Ibrahim Meerza, son of Shah Rokh, appointed governor of Shiraz
in Persia. Pie encouraged Literature, caused Ali of Yezd to write the life of Timour, — built a
famous “ medrassa ” or college, and after a reign of “ twenty years ” died “ in 1435.”
“ In this year ” (Bethune edit. Galvan.), Ceuta in Morocco captured by John, king of Portugal,
assisted (according to Walsingham) by the English. —The captured city “ was afterwards annexed
to Spain.”
“ 1416 A. D.” (Alst. p. 375), archdeacon Nicolaus Clemangis writing, on the corrupt state of the
church. Jerome of Prague burned alive at Constance.
“ 1417 A. H.” (Alst.), Manuel succeeded by his brother Joannes V IE , by consent of the Turks
sixty-seventh Byzantine emperor.
“ The same year” (Churchill coll.), under instructions from prince Henry of Portugal, two small
vessels pass cape Nao, “ N. Lat 28” 15',” on the African coast. “ Sixty leagues” beyond, at cape
Bojador, difficulties were experienced, and the vessels returned to Portugal.
“ Nov. nth ” (Alst., and Nicol.), Joannes X X III. succeeded by cardinal Otho Colonna or Martinus
III., in the Council at Constance elected fifty-second pope. Sigismund ruling Hungary, Germany,
and Italy; and Henry V., England.
“ In this year (= 15th year young-lo,” Remus, iii. 97), tribute sent to China from Cambodia.
“ 1418 A. D.” (Galvan., and Churchill coll.), John Gonzalez Zarco and Tristara Vaz Teixeyra in
a vessel sent by prince Henry of Portugal, driven out of their course Westward as far as a small
island previously unknown, which they called “ Porto Santo.”
“ In or about this year (= about thirty years before 1448 ” in lett. of pope Nicholas V., Major
edit. Zen. p. Lxvi), “ some heathens from the neighbouring coasts came upon ” the Greenland settlements
“ with a fleet, and laid waste the country and its holy buildings with fire and sword, sparing
nothing but the small distant parishes, which they were prevented from reaching by the intervening
mountains and precipices. The inhabitants of both sexes they carried away into slavery.”
The Dighton inscription and other sculptures and stone relics of the aboriginals of New England,
as old or older than this date. — The earliest copy of this inscription, so far as known, is by
Rev. Samuel Danforth.
Acer rubrum of Northeast America. The red maple in Eastern New England known from early
times to the natives,* — “ the rottenest maple-wood ” according to Josselyn rar. 47 “ burnt to ashes,”
* Vitis labrusca of Northeast America. The fo x grape known to the natives from early times :
of two kinds of “ vitis” seen by Hariot on the Roanoke, one bore acerb grapes large as the English
(De Bry i. 9) : vines twisting “ their curling branches about” the “ broad-spread arms” of the
‘■home bound tree” (Nyssa biflora) and bearing “ great store of grapes,” were seen by W. Wood
in Eastern Massachusetts; ‘'vines,” by Higgeson, growing “ up and downe in the woods ” around
Salem ; and grapes growing “ in swamps and low wet grounds ” and having “ a taste of gunpowder,”
by Josselyn as far as 43° 30': V. labrusca is described by Plumier sp pl. 259 (Pers.) ; has been
observed by myself from 43° near Monadnock to 39“, often within the margin of swamps ; by A.
Gray, “ common” in Central New York; by Michaux, from Pennsylvania to Florida; by Elliot, in
South Carolina; by Baldwin, as tar as 30° in Florida; by Chapman, in “ river-swamps, Mississippi to
North Carolina; ” and by Short, in Kentucky. According to A. Gray, “ improved by cultivation it
has given rise to the Isabella grape."
Vtola pubescens of Northeast America. A yellow violet, its bruised leaves from early times applied
by the natives “ to boils and painful swellings for the purpose of easing the pain and producing suppuration”—
(Cutl. p. 485) foV. pubescens was received bv Hooker from the Rocky mountains
throughout Canada ; was observed by myself from 46° on the St. Lawrence to 40° on the Delaware :
by Schweinitz at 36° in Upper Carolina ; by E. James at Council Bluffs on the Missouri; by Nuttall,
on the Arkansas.
Vitis cesttvahs of Northeast America. The summer grape or chicken grape known to the natives
from early times : —a “ smaller kinde of grape, which groweth on the islands, which is sooner ripe,”
is enumerated by W. Wood i. 5 : V. testivalis has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from
42° 30' to 39°; by Eaton, at 42° on the Hudson; by A. Gray, “ common” in Central New York, the
“ berries pleasant;” by Michaux, from Virginia to Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina; and by
Beck, near St. Louis on the Mississippi. Under cultivation, clearly the origin of the Elsinborough
and other small delicately-flavoured varieties.
I m p a t i e n s b i f lo r a of Northeast America. The s n a p - w c e d or i o t i c h -m e - n o t known to the natives
from early times : — used according to Josselyn pl. 43 by the New England natives “ for aches, being
bruised between two stones, and laid to, cold : ” tvas received by Hooker from Bear Lake Lat. 65°;
was observed by Lapylaie at 49° in Newfoundland ; by myself, along the Atlantic from 45° to 39° ;
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