i t
CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
this plant, places for which purpose are among the debris of the Stone Age in Denmark (Troyon
98) : Z. marina is termed “ alga angustifolia vitriariorum” by Tournefort inst. 569 ; is known-to grow
from the Adriatic outside of the Mediterranean as far as the Baltic (Pers.), Lapland and Iceland
(Hook., and Wats.); was observed by myself along the coast of New England; by Pursh, in Delaware
B a y ; by Chapman, in West Florida. In the Pacific, by Thunberg in Japan ; and is known to
grow in Australia (Wats.).
1071 B.\C. (Horn. il. iv. 327, Hellan., Plut. thes. 32, Clem. Alex., and Euseb.), death at Troy
o f Menestheus leader of the Athenians. He was succeeded at Athens by Demophon, son of Theseus
and now Thirteenth Attic king.
Before the close of the year ( = 711 -f- “ 1360 — 1000 y e a r s ” of Ctesias in Diodor. ii. 21 = 1417
— “ i 5 — 8 — 15 — 5 — 68 — 40 — 194 years ” of the Armenian Euseb.-Maneth. table = 1280 —
“ 209 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the same table giving 339 -f- “ 4 -|- 3 + 2 + 38 + 20 y. 4 mo.
-f- 6 -j- 124 y. 4 mo. + 150 y. 6 mo. -(- 40 -f- 6 + 89 + 120 -|- 130 years ” — 1072 y. 2 mo.), Troy
captured by the Greeks. The event is further placed by Ctesias in the reign of the Assyrian emperor
Teutamos. (The date here given is 56 years or fourteen olympiads below the lowest Greek estimate,
“ 1 127 ” of Callimachus, and Africanus : which estimate could not perhaps be conveniently disregarded
by Manetho, for he has given 991 -|- “ 130 + 7 years ” of both Maneth. tables = 1128, and 1417 —
“ 32 — 61 — 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 1126. The next Greek estimate,
“ 11S3” of Eratosthenes, will be observed to be 56 years higher ; and the third Greek estimate
presents the same difference. The First registered olympiad, “ 776,” is called by Africanus the
“ Fourteenth ; ” and the above difference of fourteen full olympiads are found between the Olympiad
of Iphitus as placed by Callimachus and Africanus in “ 828,” and by Eratosthenes in “ 884.” Between
the Return of the Heraclidae and the Registered olympiads (according to Clinton i. p. 128 and 139)
“ fifty-five ” years are omitted by Phanias of E re su s ; an interval also found between the date “ 1257 ”
assigned by Callimachus to Cadmus, and “ 1312 ” given by Hales as the current Jewish date of the
Exodus. The 56 years difference, continually recurring in Greek computations, is possibly derived
from the combination of the Great Julian year, for in the Egyptian reckoning, 1539— 1461 X 2 = 156,
of which “ too years ” are disposed of under Phiops. See Introd. p. xiv).
After the fail of Troy (Homer il. xx. 308), the Troad ruled by Aeneas. The assertion by later
writers of his leaving the country, therefore unfounded.
Ulysses on his homeward voyage driven to the Lybian coast and the Lotophagi, a people living
on the “ 16t6s ” that from its sweetness causes him who tastes to forget his country— (Horn. od. ix.
95); found by Artemidorus to be an herb that is eaten entire: clearly the “ helbeli” Trigonella
fa n um Grcecum, eaten crude in Egypt and its sprouting seeds often mixed in a ragout with honey
(Clot-Bey). The explanation may be found in the “ helweh ” conserve, once an article of export
even to Britain, and to the present day employed by Arabs along the East African coast for child-
stealing. By Serapion, the “ mSlilStbs” of the Greeks is referred directly to a species of Trigonella
(see T. hamosa, and T. elatior),
Quercus ilex of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. The holm oak is called in
Germany “ steineiche” (Grieb), in France “ yeuse ” (Nugent), in Italy “ leccio ” or “ e lic e ” (Lenz),
in Greece “ pournari” (Fraas) or “ a r ia ” or “ arSos” (Sibtli.); in which we recognize the three
“ ilices ” on the site selected for the city of Tiburtes — (remaining in the days of Pliny xvi. 5 to 87),
also the “ ilex ” in the Vatican bearing an Etruscan inscription and older than Rome, while among
the Romans the earliest civic crown was the “ ilign a : ” the “ i le x ” is also mentioned by Cato v. 7,
Terence, Horace, Virgil, Columella, Statius, and Martial: Q. ilex is described by Matthioli valgr. i.
pl. 186; is termed “ i. oblongo serrato folio” by Tournefort inst. 583 ; was observed by Forskal in
the environs of Marseilles ; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Morocco, and Spain
(Moris, Guss., Webb, and A. Dec.). Eastward, the “ akulon” of Homer od. x. 242 is regarded by
Pliny xvi. 8 as including the acorns of both kinds of “ ilicis,” that with leaves resembling those of
the olive being by some Greeks called “ sm ilac e s ;” an account derived partly at least from Theophrastus
iii. 16. 2, who further identifies the “ phSllbthrun ” of the Arcadians with the “ arian ” of the
Dorians : Q. ilex was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Crete and the Peloponnesus to mount
Athos, one of the dominant forest-trees according to Chaubard as throughout the Mediterranean
region.
1069 B. C. ( “ about the end of the Second year a fte r ” the fall of Troy, Dionys. Flab), in Italy,
the city of Lavinium founded by the alleged companions of Aeneas. The city of Tiburtes in Italy
perhaps as ancient, its founder Tiburlus, contemporary with Aeneas (according to Virgil aen. vii.
671), being a son of Amphiaraus who died at Thebes a generation before the Trojan w a r ” una aetate
ante iliacum bellum ” (according to Pliny xvi. 87).
The same year ( = 1062 + “ 7 years and Sth year ” of Horn. od. vii. 259 to 261), arrival of U ly sses
at Ogygia or Calypso’s Isle.
iSs,.
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1 7 5
Apium graveolens of marshes more or less saline throughout Europe to Caucasus, the seashore
o f Austral America and as far along the Pacific as California. Called in Britain smallage or small
ach, in France “ ache de marais ” or “ ache rustique ” (Prior), in Italy “ apio ” or “ apio palustre ” or
“ se len e ” (Lenz), in Greece “ agriôsëlinôn ” (Sibth,), in Egypt “ kerafs ” (F o r sk .) ; in which we
recognize the “ sëlinôn ” in the meads of O g y g ia— (Horn. od. v. 72) ; mentioned also by Theocritus
xiii. 42, Galen al. fac. ii. 52, the Geopon. xii. 23, or the “ ëlëiôsêlinôn ” of Theophrastus vii. 6, and
Dioscorides : A . graveolens was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in wet ground from the
Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; and is known to grow on Caucasus (Lindi.). Farther South,
the “ karafs ” is enumerated by Ebn Baitar as both wild and cultivated ; its seeds are prescribed by
Rhazes, and seeds of A. graveolens were found by Forskal mat. med. employed by the Egyptians to
stop sea-sickness; the living plant was seen by him, Alpinus, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt,
and by Hasselquist in Palestine. Westward, the “ ëlëiôsëlinôn ” or “ pëthinôn ” or “ uthrosëlinôn
agrión ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ apióum róustikóum ” of the Romans ; “ apio ” wild
“ in humidis ” is mentioned by Pliny xix. 37 ; A . graveolens is described by Turner nom., and Gerarde ;
is termed “ a. palustre et a. officinarum ” by Tournefort inst. 305 ; is known to grow in Italy and
throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Ludw. ect. pl, 180, fl. Dan. pl. 790, and Pers.), in its
wild state according to Lindley “ acrid and poisonous.” (See A. duke).
Barbarea vulgaris of Northern climates. Called in Britain yellow rocket or winter rocket or
winter cress (Prior p. 58) or yellow water-cress or belders (Ainsw.), in Italy “ crescione” or “ iavari”
or “ laverò” (Anguillan p. 114); and the accompanying “ io n ” in the meads of Ogygia, is read
“ sión ” — by some writers : the “ sion ” is mentioned by Theocritus v. 125 ; by Cratevas, as an herb
with a few roundish leaves larger than those of “ óthuósmóu ” and very near those of “ ëuzômô ; ” the
“ sión to nërôkarthamôn,” by Nicolaus Myrepsus (Steph. th. ed. Hase) ; and the “ riwas ” of Ebn
Baitar is translated “ wasser-eruca ” by Sontheimer : B. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp in marshes
from the Peloponnesus to mount Hæmus ; but by Chaubard in moist places in gardens. Westward,
the “ sión ” or “ tiraren ion ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. ii. 153 with the “ laôuvërthë ; ” the “ sión ”
with “ sapore nasturtii,” and “ laver ” growing “ in rivis,” are mentioned by Pliny xxii. 41 and xxvi.
32 ; B. vulgaris is described by Fuchsius pl. 746, Tragus, and Dodoens (Spreng.) ; is termed “ sisymbrium
erucæ folio glabro flore luteo ” by Tournefort inst. 226, “ eruca barbarea ” by Lamarck fl. fr. ;
and is known to grow from North Africa throughout Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan. pl. 560, and
Wats.). Eastward from the Black Sea, is known to grow throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Dec.,
Cham., and Wats.) : farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha ; by Mertens, near the
trading-posts on Norton Sound ; by myself, frequent along Puget Sound and clearly indigenous ; is
known to grow at the mouth of the Columbia, and from Lat. 68° throughout Canada (Hook.), along
Lake Superior (A. Gray) ; was observed by Short in Kentucky ; by myself, in wild situations along
the Atlantic in New England, but more frequently a weed in waste ground. Clearly by European
colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues regularly cultivated (Boj.).
A ln u s g lutinosa of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain alder or aller, in Anglo-Saxon
“ air ” or “ aler,” in German “ erle,” in Gothic “ erila,” in Holland “ els,” names connected with awl
and boring (Prior), in France “ aulne” (Fée), in Italy “ a ln o ” or “ ontano” (Lenz), in Greece
“ ski-lithro ” (Forsk.) or “ klëthra ” (Sibth.), in which we recognize the “ klëthrë” growing on Ogygia
— (Horn, od. V . 64), mentioned also by Theophrastus iii. 14 : A. glutinosa was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; by Hasselquist, as far as
the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; and is known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.). Westward, the
“ alnus ” is mentioned by Cicero, Vitruvius, Virgil, Juvenal, Silius Italiens, and Statius : A. glutinosa
is included in the kinds of wood used by the ancient Irish in constructing crannoges (Troyon p. 458);
is termed “ a. rotundifolia glutinosa viridis ” by Tournefort inst. 587 ; was observed by Desfontaines
in Barbary ; and is known to grow in Italy and tliroughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Engl,
bot. pl. 150S, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from Caucasus, was observed by Gmelin throughout
Siberia ; by Thunberg, in Japan and called “ iasia,” its cone-like fertile aments sold for dyeing black.
According to Lindley, “ a decoction of the bark is employed as a gargle,” and even as a substitute for
cinchona.
Ninety-seventh generation. May ist, 1067, mostly beyond youth : the Hindu astronomer Garga
(Bentl. as. res. viii. p. 232) ; Jesse; the Greek “ aóidói ” or bards, Phemius and Demodocus (Horn,
od. i. 337, viii. 472, xiii., xvii., and xxii.) ; the Heraclid chieftain Antiochus, father of Phylas (Apollod.
ii. 8. 3, and Pausan. ii. 4. 3).
1064 B. C. ( = 107! — 7 years in the Parian marble, “ Demophon ruling Athens ” ), in Cyprus
the city of Salamis founded by Teucer. The fact is mentioned by Aeschylus, Pindar, Strabo, and
Pausanias; and confirmation is found in the name being that of Teucer’s native island.
Ceteracli officinarum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain stone fe rn
from growing on stone walls, but originally “ spleen-wort ” or “ miltwaste ” (Gerarde, W. Coles, and