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“ is so fetid that it has long since ceased to be exhibited ; ” its odour is compared by Smith to that
of mice (Pers. ; .see Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum).
Cynoghssum Apenninum of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece “ gour-
gougianncs ” or “ shëlôglôssôn ” (Sibth.) ; and possibly included in the “ shëlias ” in question :
the “ alia similis cynoglosso quae fert lappas minutas” of Pliny xxv. 41, may also be compared ; C.
Apenninum was observed by Sibtliorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, is described
by Columna ecphr. pl. 170; is termed “ c. montanum maximum” by Tournefort inst. 139; nnd is
known to grow in Italy, on the Apennines (Pers.).
Cynoglossumpictum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ görgöiannes ” (Fraas);
and possibly included in the “ shëlias ” in question : — C. pictum is termed “ c. creticum latifolium”
by Tournefort inst. 140; was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Attica and the Peloponnesus.
Westward, is described by Scopoli (Steud.) ; is known to grow in Barbary and various parts
of Southern Europe, and even on Madeira (Pers.).
Ruscus aculeatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain butcher's broom
from being used to protect meat against mice and bats, or knce-hoUy or knee-holm, in Anglo-Saxon
“ cneow-holen ” (Prior), in France “ fragon piquant” (Fée), in Germany “ mauseclorn,” in Italy
“ pugnitopo” or “ spruneggio ” or “ ruschio ” (Lenz), in Greece “ smurnakantha ” or “ korallo-
hörtön ” or “ lagomëlëa ” (Fraas), by the prophets “ gönös ëraklëôus ” (Syn. D io s c .); in which we
recognize the “ röusköum ” identified through Syn. Diosc. with the MYPPINH : AfPIH prescribed
in Ulc. 880, — or “ mursine a g r ia ” of Dioscorides, its sharp-pointed leaves bearing at the middle
globular fruit, and the root used for adulterating “ phou ; ” the “ këntrômurrinë ” is described by
Tlieophrastus iii. 17. 4 as having fruit upon its leaves : R. aculeatus was observed by Sibthorp, and
Fraas, frequent in rugged mountainous situations in Attica and other parts of Greece : was known to
Serapion f. i66, by whom its berries were called “ khababath,” and hence improperly by mediæval
writers “ cubebae ” (Leonicen., and Spreng.). Westward, the “ mursine agria ” or “ hamaimurte ” or
“ üxumursinë ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ rôuskôum ” of the Romans; t h e “ oxymyr-
sinen” by Castor with the “ ruscum ” of which “ scopae ” are made (Plin. xxiii. 83) ; “ ruscea ” are
mentioned by Cato orig. i. 7 ; the “ ruscum” by Varrò, Virgil, Verrius; and “ oxymyrsinae ” or
“ scopa regia ” by Scribonius Largus 153 ; R. aculeatus is described by Anguillara 291, Lonicer 204,
and Parkinson ; is termed “ r. myrtifolius aculeatus ” by Tournefort inst. 79 ; was observed by Lenz
in Italy; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 560, and
Pers.).M
arrubium alyssum of the Southern division of the Mediterranean countries. A species of
horehound called in Egypt “ frasium ” (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the Greek “ prasiôn ” transferred
to allied sp e c ie s :— the “ alussön ” of Antonius rhizotom., and Galen antidot. ii. p. 449, is
referred here by writers, and the “ kamëlôpôthiôn ” of Syn. Diosc. iii. 109 may also be compared:
M. alyssum seems unknown in Greece, but was observed by Forskal p. 213, and Delile, near Alex andria
on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is described by Dodoens 88, and Clusius
hist. ii. 35, and is known to grow in Spain (Pers., and Spreng.).
Marrubium cniaricrfolium of the East Mediterranean countries. The fl P A S I O N prescribed in
Ulc. 878 — is perhaps the medicinal kind described by Theophrastus vi. 2. 5 as having green and
more deeply incised leaves, termed “ prasiôiô hlôanthëôs ” by Nicander ther. 550, and referred here
by Sprengel: M. catariæfolium, received from the East “ Oriente ” is described by Desroussaux enc.
meth. iii. 771, its leaves “ ovatis subviridibus profunde crenatis” (Pers.), and according to Sprengel is
frequent in Asia Minor.
Marrubium vulgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain horehound,
in Anglo-Saxon “ hara-hune ” (Prior), in France “ marrube (Nugent), in Germany “ andorn,” in Italy,
“ marrobio” (Lenz), in Greece “ skulöhörtön ” (Fraas), by the prophets “ aima taurou ” or “ aphë-
thrös ” or “ gônôs öröu,” in Egyptian “ astërôpë ” (Syn. Diosc ) ; in which we recognize the marrôuviôum”
identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ p ra s iô n :” — growing according to Dioscorides around
dwellings and in waste places, its leaves rounded and wrinkled : the “ pra.sion ëtërôn ” is distinguished
by Theophrastus vi. 2. 5 as having rounder dry or shrivelled leaves not so deeply incised :
M. vulgare vvas observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout
Greece and the Greek islands; is known to occur also about Taurus and Caucasus (Ledeb.) ;
was received by Bentham from Yemen, and may therefore be the unnamed species observed on
mountains there by Forskal; was found by Alpinus employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the
“ prasiôn ” or “ phtillôpharës” or “ philôpharës ” or “ tripëthilôn ” is further identified in Syn. Diosc.
with the “ atiërvërzia ” of the Numidians, and “ lavëônia ” or “ marrôuviôum ” of the Romans ; the
“ prasion ” or “ philqchares ” or “ philopaeda ” or “ linostrophon,” by Pliny with the “ marrubium ; ”
the “ marrubium candidum” is mentioned by Castor (Plin. xx. 89) ; and “ marrubium,” by Macer
Floridus 42 : M. vulgare is described in Ortus Sanitatis 256 (Prior) ; is termed “ m. album vulgare ”
b y T o u r n e f o r t in s t . 1 9 2 ; w a s o b s e r v e d + 0 “ U l s k u d r t U / l d M U T t U j s a in R u s s i a J o c c u r in w a s t e p l a c e s f r o m A l g u n a 0 / 0 ® / / J T Z I l t o o c c u r in P e r s i a a n d a s f a r a s
( P e r s . , F r i e s , a n d A . D e c . ) . U 3 ,^ ( R e d e b ) . B y E u r o p e a n c o l o n i s t s , w a s c a r r i e d
C a s h m e r e , b u t c o n t i n u e s u n k n o w n m , / t e a r o u n d in o u r A t l a n t i c S t a t e s ; a l s o
t o N o r t h e a s t A m e r i c a , w h e r e i t c o n t i n u e s in ^ .a rd e r h i l i ( B e n t h A . S a i n t - H i l . , a n d h e r b ,
t o M e x i c o , C a l i f o r n i a . S o u t h e r n B ^ . l , / ® 0 ^ r e m e d j f o r c o u g h s a n d a s t h m a t i c
D e c . ) . I t s e x t r a c t a c c o r d i n g t o S m i t h , a n a K i n a i e y , 1 1
c o m p l a i n t s . ” M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o u n t r i e s . C a l l e d in G r e e c e “ m a u r o - Marrubium pseudodicta,nnus oi the E a s t M e f o t e i r a ; „ g q - E Y A O A l K T A M
m a r k ö s ” ( F r a a s ) o r “ m a v r o m a r g o ” o r “ “ 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 / 0 / - V 6 . 2 a s r e s e m b l i n g in l e a v e s
n o n o f t h e H i p p o c r a t i c w r i t in g s , d e s c r i b e d b y 1 e f f i c a c i o u s b y D i o s c o r i d e s a s
“ f o i k t a m n b n ” a n d u s e d m e d i c i n a l l y 0 0 ® + ^ ® / / + 0 / U s o n r f ” l l / “ c h o n d r l s , ” i s
Origanum lournefoitii o f t h e G r e , ” o f T h e o p h r a s t u s i x . 1 6 . 3,
H i p p o c r a t i c w r i t i n g s — m a y b e c o m p a r e d , a l s o d i f f e r i n g in m e d i c in a l
b e a r i n g t h e s a m e n a m e w i d i t h e p r e c e d i n g a n p . „ j g t j r g n é i t h ó s t h i k t a m n o u ” f r o m
p r o p e r t i e s a n d in a s p e c t , t h e l e a v e s h k e t h o s e + l , , g u 3 0 f t a n d b l a c k , t h e o d o u r
C r e t e i s d e s c r i b e d b y D i o s c o n d e s a s h a v in g , _ « x i x i f s „ b a k 5u • ” 0 . T o u r n e f o r t i i i s t e rm e d
o f i t s l e a v e s e x q u i s i t e , b e t w e e n t h a t o f “ s . s u m v n o u c o r . 13 a n d t r a v . i .
1 / o j U r o / o s M e r s . ) ; a n d w a s " f o u n d b y S i b t h o r p o n t h e s a m e i s l a n d , o n
0 * o f E u r o p e a n d t h e « jm n i n g
( A i n s w . , a n d P r i o r ) , in • ( s / i in w h i c h w e r e c o g -
( S i b t h . ) , b y t h e p r o p h e t s “ a im a p o t h o t o s , / « P u g g o r d i o n ” o r “ s c o r d o -
n iz e - t h e S K O P A I O N o f t h e H i p p o c r a t i c + ' + 0 .’ , + 0 0 / 0 3 p g ^ t u s , b i t t e r t o t h e t a s t e ,
t i n ” g r o w i n g a c c o r d i n g t o M i t h r i d a t e s in t h e ,3 ^ q . j b o t e d to
a c u b i t
L e n a e u s
b e s t ’
s t e m s
the ad d ed S y n o n ym s with the ‘/ ™ / 0 0 q0 p F / U s / i i r / a t J y 'p ía le s from th e 'P e lo p o n n e s u s
T . sco rd ium w a so b s e rv« by F o . s k a l , S t b t l or^^ according to CIot-Bey h a s
t o t h e D a r d a n e l l e s ; b y S c h im p e r , m ¡3 e n u m e r a t e d a m o n g t h e i n g r e d i e n t s o f
r e c e n t l y b e e n i n t r o d u c e d in t o E p - p t ; 0 q e m p l o y e d m e d i c i n a l l y . W e s t w a r d , t h e
t h e E g y p t i a n t h e r i a c a n d v v a s ° + ® " ® 1 0 , / 0 ' ; 0 , 3 5 3 „ 5 „ - ^ f t U h e r i d e n t i f i e d in S y n . D i o s c . v r ith
“ s k ö r t h i ö n ” o r “ s k o r v i o n 01 p l é u n t i s o r „ s c o r d i u m ” i s e n u m e r a t e d b y
t h e “ p h r i x a g ö p a l S u s t r i s ” o f t h e R o m a n s ; a n + 0 ^^^ p a l u s t r i s c a n e s c e n s s e u s c o r d i u m o f f i c i -
P l l n y x x v i . 4 8 t o 8 5 : 1 • s c o r d i u m i s t e r n » > k n o w n t o g r o w t h r o u g h o u t
narum ” by Tournefort m s t . 2 0 5 ; w a s observed y a n d P e r s ) “ T . scordioides,” termed
B Z T T T T T j n S r / U d S / s U i / c m fo iio ” b y
” » ' “ - r o « « . - i f o :
Y . . . . ,, I .1 55 r u u.-TM' ” I r n o r i . 11
a t t r i b u t e d t o h im b y
a r o w i n g i n m a r s h e s a n d
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i i i
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i . 179 w i t h “ R p t o k a r u a : ” C . a v e l l a n a 0/ ° / + n u t s w e r e s e in b y A b d - a l l a t i f , a n d B a u m g a r t e n i .
G r e e c e a n d a r o u n d C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , a n d im p o _ „ r o in n e H h v C a t o V i r g i l , C o l u m e l l a ,
14, in E g y p t . W e s t w a r d , c u l t i v a t i o n o f t h e “ n u x >>-®ll=^0 ; + 0 ®0 0 0 0 p 0 0 . / “ ’ c o r y l u s ” i l
a n d P l i n y , t h e n a m e d e r i v e d b y + 0 + 1 ° / ^ / 0 0 ° ^ 3 l o w i n g b o t h o n p l a i n s a n d m o u n t a i n s ,
m e n t i o n e d b y V i r g i l , C o l u m e l l a v i i . 9 . 6 , b y l u i y • 3 • f o r e s t s b u r i e d u n d e r t h e
a n d “ c o r y l e l a ” h i z e l - t h i c k e t s b y O v i d : C . a v e l l a n a o c c u r s " 0 ® " + / ™ 0 g , g q , g p . j o g
s e a a l o n g U e c o a s t o f F r a n c e a n d .E n g l a n d ; tn p e a r t o g s l a k e - v i l l a g e " s
s h r u b i s n o l o n g e r k n o v v n ( E d m o n s t . . A u s t e n , a n d B e u d . ) , a l s o in a e o n s o t