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V I I I . T H E E A R L Y C H R I S T IA N P E R IO D .
Two Heathen cities thus by extraordinary means have been preserved, and from about the latest
moment possible; there are no traces of Christian relics, but perhaps at this very time Josephus was
announcing the continued existence of the new religion. ‘
Anastaiica Iherochuntica of the North African and Syrian Desert. The BAA PAC herb
described by Josephus bell. jud. vii. 23 as running away from him who tries to gather it — may be
compaied ; A Hierochuntica being easily uprooted, and contracting in the form of a ball is said to be
sometimes driven by the wind over the sands of the Desert ; in this state also, is imporíe! / a curi
osity under the name rose o f Jertcho. In Egypt, A. Hierochuntica is called “ kaf maryam ” (Mary’s
S ’’ / s f V / T T Z V “ T ft« ftft"elkaff of S. E. Hasan (Ebn Joljol) : the plant was seen by Forskal, D elile, and my"steolf ,/ cinh athdes cDheasîeartt
of Lower and Middle Egypt; and according to Forskal p. 117, in ihe dry contracted state is used
3 / / r Í >n pttrh.ntion facility being prognosticated according to quickness in unfolding when
moistened. Farther West, A. Hierochuntica is known to grow in Barbary (Pers.). As transported
to Europe is described by Euricius Cordus, Valerius Cordus (Spreng.), Jacquin hort pl tS and
Lamarck ill. p . 555 ; and by European coionists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it was
seen under cultivation by Bojer. ’
“ 80 A. D . ” (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), at Rome, the Great amphitheatre or the “ colosseum ”
completed and dedicated by Titus. Baths also built by him. • coiosseum ^
“ The same y e a r ’’ (Tacit., and Clint), in Britain, Third campaign of Agrícola; makin» known
new tribes and na r ion s . - Solmus’ account of Britain, not earlier therefore than this date.
I, Sept. 13th (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), Titus succeeded by his brother Domitian eleventh
Roman emperor The hieroglyphic ovals of Domitian occur on temjMes at Philæ, Esneh ’and Dendera,
on a propylon at Thebes, and on obelisks (now in Rome and at Benevento in Italy) • and his
name, on coins issued in Egypt during each year of his rei»n. « '
Tamarindus Indicus of Tropical Africa and Arabia" The tamarind tree is called in Ta»alo
Pampango and Camarines “ sampaloc ” or “ macasampaloc,” in Bisaya “ sampaloc ” or “ sambac” or
‘ sumaIagui” o r “ sampalagui” or “ camalagui ” (Blanco), in Burmah “ mag gee ” (Mason) i l Be !
galOT “ entool” or “ tintil ” or “ tintiree,” in Sanscrit “ tintiree ” or “ tintri,”"in" H in du s/an S’ “ am !”
or umh in Telinga “ chmta-chittoo ” (Lindl.), in Tamil “ poolie,” in Malabar' “ balam poolie ” in
Cañara hoonise (Drur.), m the environs of Bombay “ umlee ” (Graham), in Yemen “ honéar”
ÎLToÎ ' ’’ ’/ ” / h ' - ® " ' ! / / ” ” (Boj.), in Equatorial Africa “ loo-
1 ' ' ft’®™SlyP0c character -îî, (Leps. ausw. 14, Buns, and Birch) resembling a threejointed
Edwards: the “ oxuphôin.kôn ” is mentioned by Porphyrins, Oribasius, Nicolaus 3 /7 i I
Actuarius and Maximus Planudes ; tamarinds by Mohammed kor. xxxiv. 15; the “tlm l Hindi”
pod may be compared with the Egyptian “ phôiniankô,” — translated “ dactyli Indie!” bv
seen l y Marco Polo in
Gozurat. T Indicus was seen by Belon, Alpinus, Forskal, Delile, and Ciot-Bey, under cultiva-
on m Egypt ; by Forskal, everywhere wild among the mountains of Yemen ; by Bruce and Salt on
the Taranta Mountains of Abyssinia (Grev.) ; by Cailliaud iv. 323, quantit’i e s / f the polls / / o /
/ ! n "i h ' ft« ,/™ " ? Equatorial Africa from “ 6“ 46' S. Rumuma to 4° N ”
AT I K 7 I " " f i Bojeb long known on Madagascar. Eastward, by Rheede i pl 2 3 in
Malabar; by Graham, “ common about villages ” in the Bombay district ; b ! m / e lf to the en cRf
my journey in the Deccan frequent, but only planted and naturalized ; by Ainslie, Roxbur»h Wi»ht
and Drury, as far as Ceylon and Bengal ; by Mason v. 457, in Tenasserim and Pegu, “ elot ic ” Ind
cultivated extensively by the natives for its leaves and fruit ; by Blanco, well known on-the Phillp-
L lan d ’s (B o r ) ° / n !f t T f t « .^ " / '''" * '‘ 3- By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius
Jsiands (Boj.), and to Tropical America (Jacq. am. pl 13)
Anthemis nobilis of Western Europe. Called in Britain chamomile, in France “ camomille”
f f i at Smyrna “ hamomilla” (For sk.) ; and ils flower seems to form a hierodyphic clnrac-
ter ^ : powdered y iam om i l la ” flowers mixed with oil were applied as a Z V S l V Z t
y Nechepson the Egyptian — (A e t , and Ruel iii, 68): the “ hamaimclon” called by Archigenes
“ anthem,tha ’ IS mentioned as good for the headache by Galen comp. med. ii. 2 • the
a ^ ëm i s io n of Alexander Trallianus viii. 2. 20, may also be compared : “ A. chamomilla ” havin»
LBa3itar ,° dr ri ded Tflofwt e rs® o®f A;T. n°o bKi-lirs® wfte r/e ffto'®und" /b;y Alpinus em’ p‘lfot®y ed“ fmt ^edf ti'c-ijn a”l l-y in"t oEngtlyopnte;d abnyd Etbhel
living plant according to Ciot-Bey has recently been introduced. Westward, the” a n lh e / in ” is identified
by Macer Floridus 14 with our “ chamaemelum ” or “ chamomlllam : ” A. nobilis is described
by Lobel obs. 455 (Spreng.), and Blackwell pl. 526 ; and is known to grow wild in France and middle
Europe as far as Britain (A l l ped. 673, Lam. fl. fr., Engl. bot. p l 980, and Pers.). Chamomile flowers
according to Lindley “ contain a volatile oil, resin, and bitter extractive,” and are stimulant and
tonic.
“ 82 A. D . ” (Sueton., Plut., and Clint.), at Rome, the capitol which had been destroyed by fire,
restored with increased splendour by Domitian.
“ In the reign of Domitian ” (Sm. b. d.), Plutarch lecturing on philosophy in Rome.
L u n a z i a I 'e d iv iv a of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain s a i i i i - f lo w e r or h o n e s ty
(Prior): the CGAHNH plant with which shepherds in the days of Plutarch inach. anointed their
feet for protection against reptiles, — may be compared : L. rediviva is termed “ 1. graeca perennis ”
by Besler hort. Eyst. pl. 21, and was observed in the Peloponnesus by Sibthorp, and Chaubard.
Westward, is described by Clusius hist, p l 297; is termed “ 1. major siliqua longiore” by Tournefort
inst. 218 ; is known to grow as far as the border of Germany, central France, and the Pyrenees
(Pers., and A. Dec.), and is besides cultivated throughout Europe. By European colonists, was carried
prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation in gardens
(A. Gray).
“ 83 A. D.” (Sueton., and Clint.), Domitian’s expedition into Germany and Dacia, against the
Catti and Sarmati.
“ The same y e a r ” (Tacit., and Clint.), Sixth campaign of Agricola in Britain; among the towns
beyond “ Bodotria ” with an accompanying fleet examining the harbors ; and a victory gained by him
over the Caledonians.
“ The same y e a r ” (Philostrat., Euseb., and Clint.), three delinquent Vestal virgins put to death.
The making of e v z iu c h s , also prohibited by Domitian.
“ The same y e a r ” (Mason iii. 41), Adetya succeeded by Nagarisingna as king at Prome.
Nagarisingna was the first conqueror; he carried on wa r s ; and in his reign “ Burmah” is first
mentioned.
The first balhara or king of Guzerat may have been at this time reigning :— he is called Di-
Saca or Deva-Saca in the Vansavali, and Dabshelim by the Muslims. His capital on the Narmada
is called Minnagara in the Erythraean periplus as well as by Ptolemy, Mankir by Masudi, and at the
present day Manhawer.
By his direction, Pilpai his prime minister wrote the Javidan-khird or the “ will of Hushenk : ” a
work — that continues extant in Persian (Wilf. I c.).
“ 86 A. D. ” (Euseb., and Clint), beginning of the Dacian war. — In the course of four years,
the Romans were worsted; Domitian at length consenting to pay an annual tribute to the Dacian
king Decebalus (Sm. b. d.).
Flardly later than this year ( “ 80 to 89 A. D., ” C. Mul l geogr. min. p. xcvii), the Erythraean
periplus written. Axum and its king Zoskales are mentioned ; also a Hindu king Pandion.
The r r e TPOC of the Erythraean periplus, regarded by writers as the nut of A z 'e c a c a te c h u ,
implies the use of a JlRatayan m v e n ü o n , — to the present day chiefly confined to men of the
Malayan Race, well known however throughout Hindustan even among Muslims, but farther West
making no progress among the Arabs and African tribes.
“ 87 A. D.” (A ls t p. 142), the evangelist John writing his Third epistle ; as shown by his naming
Diotrephes.
“ 89 A. D. = ‘ young-youan,’ tst year o f Hiao-ho-ti or Ho-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty
(Chinese chron. table).
“ In this year ” (Abyss, chron., and C Mul l geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Hakale succeeded by Za-
Demahti, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned “ ten ” years.
“ 90 A. D.” (Gell., Euseb., and Cl int ) , the mathematicians and philosophers, including Dion
Chrysostomus, expelled from Rome and Italy by Domitian. The exiles assisted by Plinius Secundus
iii. II, in this year praetor.
‘‘ 91 A. D.” (Plin. Secund. iv. 11, Sueton., Euseb., and Clint.), the principal Vestal virgin Cornelia
after having once received pardon, found delinquent a second time, and now buried alive.
“ 92, Nov. 29th, five hours before midnight” (Blair), occultation of the Pleiades by the moon,
observed in Bithynia by Agrippa.
C lem a t is ei-ecta o i the Mediterranean, countries. The AGYKOY: XeAl AONIOlO: TTeTHAA
of Pancrates, — and Athenaeus xv. 6. p. 469, may be compared: C. erecta is identified with the
“ flammula” of Platearius by Matthioli comm. iv. pl. 7, observed in Italy; is termed “ c. sive flammula
surrecta alba ” by Tournefort inst. 294 ; is known to grow from Spain to Austria (All. 1078,
Jacq. austr. p l 291, Mi l l , and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus
to mount Haemus : and its “ powdered le a v e s ” according to Lindley have been “ used as an
escharotic” (see C. flammea).
“ 93 A. D.” (Euseb., and Clint.), edict of Domitian prohibiting the planting of g r a p e - v in e s in
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