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804 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
making “ a strong lye ” wherein to “ boyl their white-oak acorns until the oyl swim on the top . the
“ knottie maple” was seen around Massachusetts Bay by W. Wood 1. 5 : A. rubrum, by F. .
Michaux from 48° to 30° and throughout our Western States tothe Lower Mississippi; by myself,
by Walter, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in “ shady swamps, Florida and uOTthward; ”
by Short, in Kentucky. Transported to Europe before “ 1822,” has become naturalized along the
Thames (I. S. Mill, Newm., Wats., Eng. bot. suppl. pl. 2794, and A. Dec.). _ * * , .
Rhus typhina of Northeast America, The staglioni sumach, so named from its stout velvety
twi»s is a large shrub known to the natives from early times : — “ sumach ” accOTding to Josselyn
rar^’bo was boiled by the New England natives and the drink taken “ for colds : the diars shumach
” was seen by W. Wood i. 5 in Plymouth colony; “ sumacfe trees they are good for dying red
tanning of leather,” were found by Higgeson frequent around Salem (hist. coll. u 119) , and rhus
coriari?” was seen by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i) : R. typhina was observed £ Longs
Expedition at the Lake of the Woods Lat. 49° i «as received bJ? Hooker from 47 o>r the Lowei St.
Lawrence; was observed by Michaux from Canada to Pennsylvania; £ mysel£alo£g £ AUret c
from 45° to 39°; by Chapman, “ Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward , by Riddel, Ke
tuckv (Short) ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. , • „ . • Rhus radicans of North America. A shrub climbing by rootlets, called by the relonists poison
ivy, and its juice said to have been used in prior times by the natives “ m staining the haidest sub-
stffices a deep and permanent black,” - in the days of Cutler p. 423-8 employed by ‘ country people
in making ink; R. radicans is known to grow throughout Canada to the Sas£tc£wan and Northwest
America (Hook.) ; has been observed by myself from 45° to 38° along the Atlantic ; by £ l £ m
South Carolina; by Baldwin, on Bermuda; by Croom, as far as 30 30 in Florida, by C£pma
‘•Florida to Mississippi, red northward;” by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansre ; and by £
James, on the Rocky mountains at its source. Transported to Europe, is tremed e£ra trifoha
Canadensis ” by Cornuti pl. 97, is described also by Barrelier pl. 228, and has become naturalized in
two localities in France. . . . , , , ■ r „ , Nemopanthes Canadensis of Northeast America. A Celastroid deciduous shnib,^ its berries from
early times eaten by the natives : “ fignes ” called “ absconda ” - were seen by Cartier in the canres
of natives who had come from a distance to Chaleur Bay to catch mackerel, subsequently also on h s
voya»e up the St. Lawrence: ‘-a small shrub which is very common, growing sometones to the height
of elder, bearing a berry like in shape to the fruit of the white thorn, of a pale yellow colore at first,
then red, when it is ripe of a deep purple, of a delicate aromatical tast, somewhat s£tick, was reen
by Josselyn 2d voy. 72 in New England: N. Canadensis was observed by £pylaie from 51 in New
foundlancl; by Michaux, from Hudson Bay throughout Canada; by myself, from 48 on the Lowe
St. Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic; by Nuttall, to 40° in New Jersey ; and according to A. Gray,
»rows on the Alleghanies of Virginia and as far as Wisconsin. _
Ameianchier boiryapium of North America. The shad bush or jnne berry, its fruit called in
Canada “ poires,” in Maine sweet pears (C. P.), and from early times its berries dried and eaten by
the natives: —doubtless the “ poires” seen by Cartier in Chaleur Bay, in the canore of a distant
tribe of natives : “ a small pleasant fruite called a peare,” was seen by John Mason 111 Newfoundland .
A botryapium is known to grow on Newfoundland, and throughout Canada to at least 61 on tie
Mackenzie river, also on the Rocky mountains and along the Columbia river (Hook.) ; was observed
bv myself from 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 38° along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to
Carolina ■ by Elliot, rare in the Low country of South Carolina ; by Chapman, “ Florida to Mississippi
and northward;” by Nuttall, along the Arkansas; by Drummond, to 54° on the Saskatchewan,
by myself at Fort Okanagan on the Columbia, the berries highly prized by the inmates ; and accord-
in» to K. Brown jun., they are dried and stored by the natives of Northwest America.
Ameianchier oligocarfa of Northeast America. Possibly distinct, having narrow leaves, £oad
petals and its two'to four-flowered racemes often only axillary: - termed “mespreis canaden£
0 i»ocarpa” by Michaux ; growing according to A. Gray in “ cold and deep mountain swamps, nor li-
wa?d ; ” observed by myself on the subalpine portion of the White mountains; but found by Collins
^ E d e m i s arbutifolia of Northeast America. The choke-berry: clearly the huckleberries “ atti-
taash of a binding nature ” of the New England natives. - mentioned by R. Williams
with a “ small tree like mirtle at James Towne,” its fruit having “ a taste with the mirtle but much mO£
bvndin» ■” A. arbutifolia is known to grow on Newfoundland and throughout Canada to the ba«
katcheffian (Hook.) ; was observed by Michaux from Hudson Bay to Virginia and the
Carolina; by myself, from 47° to 4-° Hong the Atlantic; by Elliot, on the monntams of Orrohna.
and by Short, in Kentucky. The variety or species with reddish and more austere frmt, seems more
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 805
along the Atlantic from 45° to 38°, growing on the moist upland as well as in swamps ; by Elliot, in
South Carolina; by Baldwin, Croom, and Chapman, as far as 30° in Florida; by Darby, on Pearl
river; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas and Upper Missouri; by Long’s Expedition, to 49° on Red river
Southern in its range, was observed by Michaux in Virginia and Carolina, by Schweinitz at 36°, by
Nuttall in Georgia, by N. A. Ware in Florida, by Baldwin as far as 31° ; and this or both by Chapman
in “ swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.”
Cerasus Virginiana of North America. The choke cherry, an arborescent shrub called by the
New England natives “ quussuckomineanug ” (R. Williams), and known from early times : — “ red ”
cherries “ which grow on clusters like grapes,” are “much smaller than our English cherry,” and “ so
furre the mouth that the tongue will cleave to the roof,” were seen by W. Wood i. 5 near Plymouth :
C. Virginiana is known to grow on Newfoundland and throughout Canada to 62°, the Rocky mountains,
and beyond (Hook.) ; has been observed by myself from 46° on the St. Lawrence to nearly 41°
on the Atlantic ; by Elliot, on the mountains of South Carolina ; by Chapman, in “ light sandy soil,
Georgia and northward.” Transported “ from Virginia ” to Europe, is described by Linnæus, and is
termed “ p. rubra” by Aiton (Pers.).
Prunus Americana of Northeast America. The Canada plum from early times planted by the
New England natives, and doubtless the dried “ prunes ” called “ honesta” — seen by Cartier in
Chaleur Bay, in the canoes of a distant tribe of natives : “ plumbs,” “ black and yellow, about the
bigness of damsons, of a reasonable good taste,” were seen by W. Wood in Eastern Massachusetts :
P. Americana is termed “ p. hyemalis ” by Michaux, its fruit being edible in winter (Pers.) ; was
observed by Pursh along the Chaudiere and on the Alleghanies of Virginia and Carolina ; by myself,
only under cultivation in New England ; but by A. Gray, on “ river-banks, common ” in Central New
York, its fruit “ yellow, orange, or red,” and “ pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin ; ” by
Darlington, in Southern Pennsylvania; by Elliot, in Carolina ; and by Chapman, in “ woods, Florida
to Mississippi, and northward.”
Prunus maritima of Northeast America. The beach plum , included perhaps in the dried
“ prunes” — seen by Cartier in the canoes of a distant tribe of natives; probably the “ prune” seen
by Varrazzanus in approaching the Latitude of “ 41° 40' ; ” and clearly the “ black” plums seen by
W. Wood in Eastern Massachusetts : P. maritima has been observed by myself on the seashore from
43° to 39° ; by Michaux, on the seashore from New England to Virginia (Pers.) ; by Pursh, on the
seashore from New Jersey to Carolina.
Rubus strigosus of North America. The American raspberry, its fruit from early times eaten by
the natives ; — clearly the “ franboysses ” seen by Cartier around Chaleur Bay, and the “ aboundance of
rasberries ” seen by John Mason on Newfoundland : R. strigosus was observed by Michaux in Canada
and on the mountains of Pennsylvania (Pers.) ; by Pursh, as far as the Alleghanies of Virginia ;
by myself, from 47° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 39° along the Atlantic ; by Nuttall, along the Lakes
of the St. Lawrence ; and according to Hooker, grows on Newfoundland and throughout Canada to
the Saskatchewan and the Columbia river.
Rubus Occidcntalis of North America. The thimbleberry or black raspberry, its fruit from early
times eaten by the natives : — R. Occidcntalis was observed by Michaux in Canada and on the Alleghanies
to Carolina ; by myself, from 45° to 40° along the Atlantic; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper
Carolina ; by Chapman, “ along the mountains, Georgia and northward; ” by Short, in Kentucky ; by
Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and according to Hooker, grows from Quebec to the Rocky mountains and
the shores of the Paciflc. Transported to Europe, is described by Dillenius elth. pl. 287, and Linnæus.
Hamamelis Virginica of North America. A large shrub called by the colonists witch hazel,
and from early times its bark applied by the natives “ to painful tumors and external inflammations”
— (Cutl. p. 412) : H. Virginica was received by Hooker from the river-isle of Orleans at 47° ; was
observed by myself from 43° to 38° along the Atlantic ; by Catesby app. 2, in Virginia ; by Elliot, in
South Carolina; by Baldwin, and N. A. Ware, in Florida; by Chapman, “ Florida to Mississippi;”
by Short, in Kentucky ; and was received from “ Mississippi ” by Muhlenberg.
Aralia racemosa of Northeast America. A large straggling woodland herb, aromatic and called
liy the colonists spikenard (A. Gray), “ said to have been much used” by the natives in former
times “ for medical purposes” — (Cutl. p. 432) : was observed by Michaux in Canada and on the
Alleghanies ; by myself, from 43° along the Atlantic; by Conrad, and Darlington, at 40°; by Elliot,
on the Alleghanies of Carolina; by Chapman, on those of Georgia; by Short, in Kentucky ; by E.
James, along the base of the Rocky mountains ; and was received by Hooker from the Saskatchewan.
Transported to Europe, is termed “ racemosa Canadensis” by Cornuti pl. 75, is described also by
Morison i. pl. 2. f. 9.
Aralia nudicaulis of Northeast America. A woodland herb called by the colonists sarsaparilla.
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