r I ' .
“ 410 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Aemilius Mamercinus and C. Valerius Potitus Volusus
consuls, an agrarian law proposed by M. Maenius tribune of the people.
“ 409 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Cn. Cornelius Cossus and L. Furius Medullinus consuls;
plebeians for the first time quaestors, three of the four.
“ In the same y e a r ” (Blair), the Carthaginians after entering Sicily and destroying Selinus and
Himera, repulsed by the Syracusan general Hermocrates.
“ 408 B. C.” (Clint, ii. p. 87 = 414— “ 5 years ” of both Maneth. tables, erased in this place in
the Egyptian Chronicle), Amurtëôs succeeded by Nëphëritës, head of the Twenty-ninth or Mendesian
dynasty. Nëphëritës is historically mentioned by Diodorus xiv. 79: and the hieroglyphic ovals of
king Naifaurut occur at Medinet-Abu, and on a sphynx now in Paris (Glid. analect., and Leps.
k. pl. 50).
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Athens, exhibition of the tragedy of Orestes by Euripides. The
pronunciation of the 269th line by the actor Hegelochus, was ridiculed by the comic poets Plato,
Aristophanes, Sannyrion, and Strattis.
The T P ü T E i of Strattis — is referred by Pliotius to the “ thëria ën ôspriôis ” or pea-bug,
Bruchus pisi ; an insect mentioned also by Theophrastus : and brought by European colonists to
Northeast America, where it has multiplied and caused much damage.
Doronicum pardalianches of mountains in Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A composite
plant called in Germany “ gemswurz ” (Fraas), in Greece “ skorpithi ” (Sibth.) ; in which we
recognize the “ skörpiön” identified by Theophrastus with the “ thëluphônôn,” and through Syn.
Diosc. iv. 78 with the KAMMOPQ of Strattis, — and “ akönitön ” of Dioscorides: the “ thëluphônôn”
is described by Theophrastus ix. 18. 2 as growing in shaded situations, and geniculate in
the manner of “ agröstis : ” the “ akönitön” according to Dioscorides has roughish “ s iku ö ’’-like
leaves, is mixed in soothing applications for the eyes, and in the added Synonyms is further identified
with the “ parthaliaghës : ” the “ darunaj ” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar as growing on the mountains
near Bairut ; D. pardalianches was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in moist
shaded situations on mountains from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor ; and “ doronicum ” root was
found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the account of the “ thely-
phonon ” called “ scorpion,” or “ aconiton ” called “ pardalianches ” by Pliny xxv. 75 to xxvii. 2,
seems chiefly taken from the Greek : D. pardalianches is described by Dodoens pi. 437, and Gerarde
621 ; is termed “ d. maximum foliis caulem amplexantibus ” by Tournefort inst. 4S8 ; is known to
grow wild on the mountains of Italy and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 350, and Pers.), but in Holland,
Britain, and Denmark, seems only naturalized (Wats., Fries, and A. Dec.). Is enumerated by
Lindley as “ reported to be a poisonous plant.” (See Marsdenia erecta.)
Delphinium peregrinum of the Mediterranean countries. A species of larkspur called in Greece
“ linarithra” (Sibth.): the plant in question — is perhaps the “ kamaros ” or “ paralusis,” identified in
Syn. Diosc. iii. 77 with the “ thëlphiniôn ; ” growing according to Dioscorides in rugged sunny places,
its leaves divided, flower iike that of “ lëukôiô ” (Viola canina) and purplish, pods containing milletlike
seeds employed against scorpion stings, and referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : D. peregrinum
was observed by them in the situations described 'by Dioscorides frequent throughout
Greece and the Greek islands ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; is known to grow
also in Palestine (Pers.). Westward, the “ thëlphiniôn ” or “ thëlphinias ” or “ uakinthos ” is identified
in Syn. Diosc. with the “ vöukinös minor” of the Romans: D. peregrinum is described by
Morison xii. 4 ; is termed “ d. latifolium parvo fiore ” by Tournefort inst. 426 ; and is known to grow
from Malta and Sicily as far as France (Allion. pl. 25, and Pers.).
Salvia sclarea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain clary or seebright, translated
by apothecaries “ Godes-eie ” or “ oculus C h r is ti” (P rio r ): the Q KIM ON leaves of Strattis,
— “ ökimön ” or “ ökumön ” of Eubulus, Polemon diæt. ii. 25, Phiiistion, Plistonicus, Diodotus, and
Athenaeus ii. p. 68, a cultivated potherb according to Theophrastus vii. i. 2 to caus. v. 7. 2 flowering
from below upward and having a long woody root, woody stem, and degenerating into ërpullôs,” may
be compared : tlie “ ocimum ” is regarded by Chrysippus as unfit for food and not clarifying the
eyes (Plin. xx. 48) ; weakens the sight according to Dioscorides if eaten copiously but the juice clarifies
the eyes, eaten also in Libya ; is mentioned by Galen ; is identified by Serapion with the “ bade-
rudsch ” (Spreng.), and the “ badsarudsch ” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : S. sclarea was observed
by Sibthorp in cultivated ground in Bithynia; is known to occur also in Syria (Pers.). Westward,
the “ ocimum” is mentioned as cultivated in Italy by Cato, Varrò, Sabinus Tiro, Persius, Columella,
Pliny, Palladius, its flowers according to Gargilius Martial purple or rose-coloured or sometimes
white : the “ sclareia ” is mentioned in the capitularia of Charlemagne, and by Walafridus Strabus
p. 225 (Spreng.) : S. sclarea is described by Lobel pl. 556 ; is termed “ sclarea ” by Tournefort inst.
179; is known to occur in Italy (Pers.); is cultivated throughout middle Europe, and eye-salves
made of it are mentioned by Gerarde p. 627, and Prion (For “ silvestri ocimo ” or “ agriös vasilikos ”
or wild clary see S. verbenaca.)
“ 407 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls. Expiration of
the “ twenty y e a r s ” truce with Veii (the reckoning therefore in old Roman years of ten months).
About this time (Clint.), improvements in music by the Greek poet Timotheus.
“ In this y e a r ” (Xenoph., and Clint.), Cyrus the younger sent to the coast of Asia Minor, to
command on the sea and co-operate with the Spartans.
Ranunculus Asiaticus of the East Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. The garden
ranunculus is called in Japan “ tagaras ” or “ dobusesi ” or “ kimpoge ” (Thunb.), in Persian
“ kabikej” (Avicenn., and Ebn Bait.), in Egypt “ zaphyl ” (CIot-Bey), on Cyprus “ agrio sëlinôn”
(Sibth.), in which we recognise the “ sëlinôn agrión” identified throufh Syn. Diosc. with the BAT PA
XION prescribed in Nat. mul. 29, — and I Morb. mul. 108, described by Dioscoride^s as a cubit
high, growing along rills, its leaves coriander-like, and flowers yellow or sometimes “ pôrphuroun : ”
R. Asiaticus is termed “ r. grumosa radice flore phoeniceo minimo simplici ” by Tournefort in.st. 287 ;
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor and Cyprus,
its flowers yellow or sometimes scarlet ; by Thunberg, frequent along ditches in Japan ; by CIot-Bey,
in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the' “ batrachium ” is described by Scribonius L a r p s 174 as
ulcerating, and is identified by Pliny xxv. 109 with the “ ranunculum” of the Romans, his account
being chiefly taken from Dioscorides : R. Asiaticus is well known as a garden-fiower throughout
Europe. And by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under
cultivation.
Delphinium staphisagria oi the Mediterranean countries. A species of larkspur called in
Greece “ agria staphitha” (Sibth.), in Egyptian “ ivësaôithë ” (Syn. Diosc.); in which we recognize
the 5T A4 IS: ATPIA of Nat. mul. 584, — Nicander ther. 943, having upright stems according to
Dioscorides, incised leaves like those of “ ampëlôu agrias,” green follicles containing blackish trigonal
acrid seeds that excite vomiting, the bruised plant applied against “ phthëiriasëis : ” D. staphisagria
was observed by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent about villages from Crete to the Peloporinesus
and Euboea. Westward, the “ staphis agria ” or “ astaphis ” or “ phthëiriôn ” or “ phthëirôktônôn ”
or “ apanthröpön ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ ërva pëthikôularia ” of the Romans; the
“ herba pedicularis ” is mentioned by Columella vi. 30. 8, the “ pedicularia” or “ staphis a g r ia ’ ’ by
Scribonius Largus 166, and the “ astaphis a g ria ” or “ staphis ” by Pliny xxiii. 13 : D. staphisagria is
described by Lobel adv. 306, and Dalechamp p. 1609 ; is termed “ d. platani folia staphisagria dictum”
by Tournefort inst. 428 ; was observed by Tenore in Italy (Steud.) ; and is known to occur
in “ waste places ” in other parts of Southern Europe, and as far as the Canary Islands (Pers., and
Lindl.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed under cultivation
there by Bojer. The seeds according to Lindley “ are emetic drastic and inflammatory, never used
internally,” but chiefly for “ destroying pediculi in the head.”
Iberis semperflorens of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Egyptian
“ sôuitëmpsôn” (Syn. Diosc.) in Italy “ thlaspi ” (Targ.), in which we recognize the 0AA:?PI of
Nat. mul. 29, — growing according to Dioscorides on walls and along pathways, a little herb with
whitish flowers, fruit flattened from the summit and containing small discoidal “ ëntëthlasmënon ”
seed ; also mentioned by Galen, and Paulus of Aegina : a species of Iberis was observed by Forskal
on Imros ; I. semperflorens is described by Linnæus, and is known to grow in Persia (Pers.). Westward,
the “ thlaspi ” or “ thiaspithiön ” or “ muôptërôn ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ kap-
sëllam ” or “ skanthöulakiöum ” or “ pëthëm gallinakëôum ” of the Romans ; but the account by
Pliny xxvii. 113 of the “ thlaspi” seems taken from Dioscorides ; I. semperflorens is known to occur
on Sicily (Pers.).
Iberis sempervirens of the Mediterranean countries. Also called in Italy “ thlaspi ” (Targ.),
and possibly the “ thlaspi ” in question, — especially as two Cappadocian kinds are mentioned by
Galen (Spreng.) : I. sempervirens is described by Rivinus tetr. pl. 224; is termed “ thlaspi rnon-
tanum sempervirens” by Tournefort inst. 213, “ i. garrexiana var.” by Allioni, “ i saxatilis var.” by
Lamarck fl. fr. (Steud.) ; is known to grow in Southern France, Italy, and Crete (Pers.) ; was
observed on the mountains of Crete by Sibthorp.
Sempervivum arboreum of the Mediterranean countries. A woody-stemmed houseleek called
on Corcyra “ anastasian,” on Chios “ amarantön” (Anguilk), by the prophets “ parönuhia ” or
“ hrusitis,” in Egyptian “ pamphanës” (Syn. Diosc.): the K P INAN0 EMON growing on houses
and prescribed in Nat. mul. 29 — maybe compared; also the “ aizoon” in whose juice all seeds
according to Democritus should be soaked (Plin. xviii. 45), growing according to Theophrastus vii.
15. 2 on the ground as well as on walls and places on roofs where sandy soil collects, and having
smooth fleshy leaves always green : the “ aëizôôn tô mëga” of Dioscorides having stems a cubit or
more high, growing in mountainous situations and planted in vases upon roofs, is referred here by
writers : S. arboreum was observed by Sibthorp on walls and among rubbish on Cyprus. Wes tward,
the “ aëizôôntô mëga ” or “ aëithalës ” or “ zöophthalmön ” or “ aiôniôn ” or “ stërgëthrôn ” is
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