5 0 8 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
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.favourite garden flower ; is described by Dillenius elth. pl. 34, and Knorr del. 1. 3 ; was ob.served
by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by Lush, at Dapooree near Bombay (Graham) ; by Tlnm-
berg, in vases in Japan, but no native name given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues frequent in gardens.
Artemisia marítima of the North shore of the Mediterranean, and along the Atlantic as far as
Norway. The second ARTEMISIA, described by Pliny as tender with more slender leaves and
growing only in maritime situations, — m aybe comjrared : A. maritima was observed bySibthorp
on the shore of the Bosphorus, near Constantinople. Westward, is termed “ absinthium seriphium
belgicum” by Tournefort inst. 458; and is known to grow on the seashore of Italy and from Belgium
to Norway (Engl. bot. pl. 1706, Pers. and Lenz).
Echinops ritro oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia, Called in English globe thistle :
the ECHI NOPODE according to Pliny xi. 8 one of the two plants from which bees do not procure
wax, — mentioned also by Plutarch frat. am. 13, is referred to this tribe by Tournefort: E . ritro is
termed “ ritro flor. caeruleis ” by Lobel ic. ii. 8, is described also by-Miller pl. 130. and is known to
grow on barren hills in France (Lam. fl. fr., and P ers.).' Eastward, was observed by Forskal at the
Dardanelles ; and by Gmelin ii. pl. 46, in Siberia. (See E . Graecus )
Iniila biibonium of the Uralian plains. The ASTER-AB-ALIQVIBVS - BVBONIONo f Pliny
xxvii, 19 — is referred here by Scopoli and others: 1. bubonium is described by Tabernæmontanus
543; was observed by Scopoli pl. 58 in Carniolia; by Jacquin app. pl. 19, in Austria; is termed
“ i. salicina ” by Pallas (Steud.) ; and is known to grow as far as the river Donez and Tauria
(P ers.).
Carduus erisithales of the mountains of Eastern Europe. The E R I S I T H A L E S o f Pliny xxvi.
85. is referred here by Sprengel, and others : C. erisithales is described by Linnæus ; was observed
by Scopoli in Carniolia; and is known to grow in subalpine meads on the mountains of Austria (Jacq.
austr. pl. 312, Pers., and Steud.).
Carduus leucographus of the Mediterranean countries. The L E V C O G R A P H I S known to Pliny
xxvii. 88 only as reported useful against spitting blood,— is referred here by Sprengel: C. leucographus
is termed “ cirsium maculis argentéis notatum” by Tournefort inst. 448; and is known to '
grow in Italy and Southern France (All. pedem. 529, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, in places somewhat moist in the Peloponnesus.
Cerinthe maculata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The “ leucographis ” of Pliny
— is referred here conjecturally by Dodoens pempt. v. i. pl. 13: C. maculata is termed “ c. quin-
quemacuiata” by Wahlenberg; was observed, by Allioni in Piedmont; by Pallas, and Bieberstein,
in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Steud.). ’
Oxycoccuspalustris oi Northern climates. Called in Britain cranberry or fen-berry or marsh-
rooz-rt, by Lyte vi. n “ marrish whorts” (Prior): the S AM O L VM - H E R B A M growing according
to Pliny .xxiv. 63 in H V M I D I S wet situations, — is referred here by Ainsworth, and Billerbeck:
O. palustris is described by Bauhin i. pl. 525 ; and is known to grow from Switzerland throughout
middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Pers., Dec., and W ats.) : and
Eastward, throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (G m el). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso
on Unalascha, by Mertens at Norfolk Sound, by Drummond in Lat. 54° on the Saskatchewan ; and
is known to grow from Baffin’s Bay and Greenland to Newfoundland (Lapylaie, and Wats.) and Lat,
43° in our Atlantic States.
Samolus Valerandi oi Tempexate Climates. Called in Britain brook-weed or water pimpernell
(Prior), m Italy “ sam olo” (T arg.), and probably the “ samolum” in question : — S. Valerandi is
termed “ s. valerandi” by Bauhin hist. iii. 791, “ anagallis aquatica rotundo folio non crenato ” by C.
Bauhin pin. 252, and known to grow throughout Europe and Northern Asia (Tourn. inst. 103, fl.
dan. pl. 198, Curt. lond. iv. pl. 20, Pers., and W ats.) : observed by Linnæus, and Waiilenberg, on the
seashore of Sweden; by A. Decandolle, inland as far as Switzerland; by Lemann, on Madeira; by
Braun, on the Cape Verd Islands; was received by R. Brown from Bornou in Central Africa ; by
Decandolle, from North Africa ; was observed by Forskal on Malta ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
from Crete to mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus; by Aucher 2597, in Persia; was received
by Bieberstein from Tauria; by Ledebour from Lithuania and Siberia from the Southwest to the
Southeast ; by Duby from Coromandel in Tropical Hindustan. Westward, by Watson from the
Azores; by Hooker from Canada and the Northwest coast of America; was observed by myself
along the Atlantic from 43° to 38°; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina ;
^ Chapman, in “ brackish marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward;” by H. Little, near
Í0 W Orleans; by Short, in Kentucky; by E. James, on the Canadian branch of the Arkansas. In
the Southern Hemisphere, by R. Brown in Australia; by Drège, and Burchell, in Austral Africa;
by Gaj', near Coquimbo in Chili ; and was received by Duby from Montevideo. Probably distributed
through its seeds enduring transport by ocean currents.
Gentiana asclepiadea of the mountains of Southern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia.
Called in Switzerland “ grosse bitterwurz,” and the C A L A T H I A N A o f Pliny, a flower springing up
in autumn without smell — (Ainsw.), is referred to this or an allied species by Gesner ii. flg. 82: G.
asclepiadea was observed by Gesner in Switzerland, flowering in the autumn ; is termed “ g. asclepiadis
folio” by C. Bauhin phyt. 343, and Tournefort inst. 80; is known to grow in the mountainous portion
of Spain, Italy, and Austria (Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in woods on the Bithynian
Olympus.
Vinca major of Western Europe. With V. minor called in Britain periwinkle, by Chaucer and
other old poets “ pervenke ” or “ pervinke” (Prior), in which we recognize the V I N C A P E R V I N C A
identified with the C H AMA E D A P H N E of the Greeks by Pliny xxi. 39 and 99, evergreen and
employed for T 0 P I A R I A ornamental garden-work, supplying the want of flowers, and having
besides medicinal properties : the Latin name — is derived by Prior from “ vincire ” to bind, and “ a
garland of pervenke ” is mentioned in the Ballad against the Scots (Rits. i. p. 33): V. major is known
to grow wild in Italy and Southwestern France (A. Dec., and Lenz), is cultivated for ornament throughout
Europe, and had become naturalized in Britain before the days of Ray. (See V. minor.)
Cynanchum [Sarcoslemma) pyrotechnicum of the Egyptian and Arabian Desert. The S C 0 R P I
ONEM V E P R E M ' S I N E ’ F O L I I S growing in Asia, further described by Pliny xiii. 37 and xxii. 17
as having the stem of asparagus and a single terminal spine, — may be compared : S. pyrotechnicum
was observed by Forskal p. 53 everywhere in Tropical Arabia, and the pith used to receive the fire
procured by rubbing together pieces of wood ; was observed by Delile near Suez on the Red Sea,
and called “ march ; ” by myself, along the border of the D esert in Upper Egypt. (See Ephedra
distachya).
Anchusa ojjicinalis of Western Europe. Called in Britain bugloss (Prior), in Italy “ buglossa”
or “ buglossa volgare ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the BVGLOSSO of Pliny xxvi. 71 said to
arrest intermittent fever if gathered and applied in a specified manner, — also the medicinal “ vóuglós-
son ” of Galen, and the “ buglossa ” of Macer Floridus 34 referred here by B audet: A. officinalis is
described by Lobel nov. stirp. ; is known to occur in waste ground throughout middle Europe as far
as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 572, Pers., and A. Dec.), but is regarded by Watson and others as not indigenous
in Britain. Farther South, “ anchusa” root procured by way of Alexandria is enumerated by
Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally in E gypt; and the living A. officinalis according to Ciot-
Bey has been recently introduced. The “ buglossum ” of European shops is referred here by Lenz.
Echinospermiim spinocarpos of Egypt. The L AP P AGO of Pliny xxvi. 65, distinguished as
M 0 L L V G 0 and resembling tlie ANAGAL L I D I but more branching, — may be compared : E. spinocarpos
was observed by Forskal p. 41 at Alexandria, its leaves “ mollia ; ” by Delile in the Desert on
reaching Salehyeh ; but is not known to yield a medicinal fetid juice, nor to grow North of Egypt.
Echinospermum lappida oi Siberia. The L AP P AGO distinguished as A S P E R V G O , resembling
according to Pliny xxvi. 65 the preceding but with rougher leaves, — may be compared : E. lap-
pula is described by Tragus 196, and Columna ecphr. pl. 179, is termed “ buglossum angustifolium
semine echinato” by Tournefort inst. 134; occurs along walls and in waste places from Northern
Sweden throughout middle Europe, but only recently lias been introduced into Britain (Haller helv.
589, Pers., and Bab.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ;
and is known to grow around Caucasus, and throughout Siberia (C. A. iMey., and A. D ec.). Probably
by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by A. Gray in “ waste places,
common ” in Central New York, by myself around Montreal, and according to A. Decandolle occurs
in Oregon.
Convolvulus Cantábrica of the Mediterranean countries. The C A N T A B R I C A of Pliny xxv.
55 — is referred here by writers; C. Cantábrica is termed “ cantábrica quorumdam” by Clusius hist,
ii. 224, “ c. linarias folio assurgens ” by Tournefort inst. 83-4 ; is known to grow in Southern Europe
and the neighbouring portion of Africa as far as Tauria (Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands.
Lamium maculatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy “ ortica
morta ” or “ lamio macchiato ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the L A M I V M included among nettles
by Pliny xxii. 16, and having A L B VM- I N -ME D I O - F O L I O that cures erysipelas: the LEVCE of
Pliny xxvii. 77, resembling ME R C V R I A L I and called ME S O L E V C O N from a white line along the
middle of the leaf, employed against fistula and cancer, — mentioned by Caelius Aurelianus as sometimes
called “ polium,” is referred here by F. Columna i. p. 192, and Sprengel: L. maculatum is
termed “ 1. alba linea notatum” by Tournefort inst. 183 ; is known to grow in Algeria, Italy, and
throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Pers., and Benth.) ; was once introduced and cultivated
in Britain, and within the present century has made its appearance springing up spontaneously
in a few localities (Wats., and A. D ec.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from
the Peloponnesus to mount A th o s; and is known to grow as far as the Altaian mountains (Benth.)
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