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t 4 ,5 fl. Dan . pl. 1232, Jacq. austr. pl. to8, and P e r s . ) : o bs e rv ed b y R u d b e c k elys. ii. pl. 213, and
Linnæus , as f a r a s S t o c k h o lm ; b y Sib tho rp, and Chaub ard, Orchis pyramidalis in the P e l o ^ n n e s u s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Eucl sms 554
(Spreng.) ; termed “ o. purpurea spica congesta pyramidali ” by Ray angl. m. pl. 8, o. mfrtans n re-
tana spica rubente conglomerata ” by Tournefort inst. 432, and krewn to £0W
E u r op e (Jacq. austr. pl. 266. and P e r s . ) : o bs e rv ed by B e r g i u s in Go thland (L in n . ) # # # " # ®-
in F r a nc e ; b y Se guie r i pl. 15. in the envi rons o f V e r o n a ; b y Sibthorp, and C h au b a id , f rom
’" °® T l7 h / # e / r / | s c h m f o d , and Winckl . ) , af ter his Med ic am. succ iduor . “ in 1540.” E n ch i r id . plant ,
“ in 1 541,” G e sn e r p u b l i sh in g his Cat . plant , latine, g ra e ce , g e rmanice , et gal l ice.
“ O c t o b e r ” (Ga lv an , and Churchi l l col l .) , f rom Me x ic o , sai l ing W e s t , R u y L o p e z de V i l la lob o s
at the end o f “ a h undred and e ighty lea gue s ” d i s co v e red “ two de sar t islands ’ in “ e ig ld e en degre es
and a hal f o f lat i tude ,” named b y him “ S . T h om a and Anu b lad a . E i g h t y lea gues further, th e y saw
another , and cal led it R o c a Port ida. S e v en ty - two le a gue s b e y o n d it, they found an A r ch ip e la g o o
smal l i s lands inhabi ted by a poor people ” (T a r aw a n coral - range ?)•
“ 1543 Jan. 6th,” th e y “ p a s s ed b y ten othe r islands, wh ich for thei r p le asantne s s th e y "0 ®“
Ga rd ens , all o f them in ab out nine or ten deg re e s o f lat i tude ” (Mic rone s ian or Carol ine I s l a r tQ A n d
“ F e b . 2 d ” s aw land, that p ro v ed an is land “ three h undred and f i f ty le a gue s m c o i^ a s s . a smal l
i s land n e a r ” p o s s e s s in g China-ware, mush, amber, civil, benjamin, storax, othe r perfumes , also some
F j u l y l ” (S t an le y edit. D e Mo r g a .5 and , 94) , a prote s t b y -<D. Jorg e de Castro, go v e rno r
o l T e rn a t e and the Mo lu c c a s , ” against V i l la lo b o s for h a v in g come wi th sh ips “ to Mindanao and other
Mo lu c ca s i s l a n d s - b e y o n d the pres c r ib ed meridian line £
Spain and Portugal. The protest was received “ Ang. 9th,” and Villalobos replied, That # > 0 0
where he then wa? “ was within the Spanish limits,” and that “ he was getting his ships ready to seek
another settlement further off from Maluco.” The Portuguese governor “ Sept. 2cl 0 £ 0 ®0 '®7 ®
Villalobos “ to leave the island of Mindanao, which he had confessed he had no n £ t to enter, men-
tionin» also “ that according to report lie had sent a sh ip ” back to Mexico (in this century a vessel
was wrecked on the Hawaiian Islands, and a peculiar Hawaiian h^d-dress has been c o i£ C tr e r t to b
modelled after a Spanish helmet; in fact agrees in outline with 0 ® ^8 0 ®^ 0 # # 0 "
Legazpi published by the Hakluyt Society edit. De Morga) : V, lalobre replied ^ S e p t 2th that
“ the islands of Maluco were known by name, and it was known what a different thing it was to rade
with countries or to subject them ; ” he also “ begged of the governor, as foeir sovereigns «ere
not to give occasion for quarrels.” The fleet of Villalobos “ was rtoken up ; - t h i s 0 '®®#" #
documents was drawn up Feb. 7th, 1544 ” by “ Graviel Rebello, judge for the deceased ; 0 # £ £ ®
of the Sjraniards ‘‘ who remained went away from Maluco through Portuguese India, and returned to
Castile.” There is “ no trace of any protest by the Portuguese against th e ” Spanish occupation ot
“ In Ë h e s p r in g ’ l ( D ’A v e z a c edi t ) , sai l ing f rom St . Ma lo o f J a cque s Car t ie r on his Four th v o £ g e ,
unde r ins t ru c t ions ' f rom the k in g to s earch for the remains of R o b e r v a l ’ s e x ^ dU i o n . H e "b^OT
“ e igh t m o n t h s ; ” and the count ry on the St . Lawr enc e was abandoned b y the F r en ch go v e rnmen t
T j £ t / iT y ' e a F ’/ s i e b ' : ehic . V r ie s p. 4), one o f the Bo n in Is lands se en b y the na v ig a to r Be rnado
f r # i# T # .0 # £ 4 eng.) , V a l e r i t s Co rdus , son o f Eu r ic iu s , enume rat ing Anthencum liliago,
“ p h i lv r in a ” PhiUyrea media v. 24, “ co ra l lo ide s a l t e r a ” Dentaria pinnata (G e sn . 11. f ig. 2) damasonium
c a l l ip h y l lo n ” ii. 108 Serapias palustris (G e sn . ii. f ig. 59) , “ h.ppion 221
(G e s n ii fi» 83) “ m o s c h a t e l la ” f 172 A d o x a m o s c h a t e l lm a , C y t i s u s A u s t r i a c u s I. 1 8 7 , p seudo c y
t i s u s ” f 188 Cytisus nigricans, “ i x o p û s ” f . 104 Lactuca saligna. “ c o r r u d a ” Aspragus amaps,
“ tul ipa tu r c a r um ” his t . 213 TuUpa Gesneriana (Linn. sp. pl.). — H e died “ in 1544, and his wi i t ings
we r e Lpyutbhlriushme dh ybsys oGpeifsonHe rm “nin 1561 - ” ^ n 1 in o f Eu r o p e and the adjoining port ion o f A s i a . A smal l annual c0 ed ii
Br i ta in arass-pdey, the name “ g ra s e -po le y ” b e in g f irst g i v e n - i t b y C o r d u s— P n o i , and W i l l l .£
L h v s s r e i fo l ium is d e s c r ibed also by Ge sn e r , Came ra r ius , C. Bauhin, Ba r re l ie r pl. 773, and Ruppi .
i s ' t e f f i e d -‘ sal ica r ia hy s sop i folio l a t io r e ” b y T o u rn e fo r t inst. 253 ; is known to g row t h r o ^ h o u t m 1-
dle E u r o p e (Eng l . bot. pl. 292, and J a cq. anstr. pl. 133) ; and wa s o b s e r v ed b y Sibthorp, and Chaub aid,
f f e q / e n t in m o i# plac e s in G r e e c e as far as the Pe lop onne su s . B y Eu r op e an colonists, wa s carried
to No r th e a s t Ame r i c a , o b s e r v ed b y my s e l t natural ized m E a s t e rn Ma s sa ch u s e t t s , of ten amo n g g . ,
a l so Eb vp iSphaocrttis i nla tKifeonltiau c k y ; to A u s t r a l Af r i c a , an d to A u s t r a l i a (De c. ) , of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia Termed a l^ na quorundan
bv Coffins ii. 150 — (Gesn. ii. pl. 61), “ helleborine latifolia montana by Tournefort mst. 4 0 sera
pias latifolia” hy Linnæus, and known to grow in woods from Denmark throughout middle Europ
t l
(fl. Dan. pl. 811, Engl. bot. 269, and Pers.): observed by Haller pl. 40 in Switzerland, by Hoffman ii.
182 in Germany; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in woods in the middle region of the Peloponnesus.
S a x i f r a g a c o t y l e d o n of Arctic Europe and alpine summits farther South. The “ aizoon serra-
tum ” of Valerius Cordus 92, — and Gesner ii. fig. 27, may be compared : S. cotyledon is described
by Mattliioli 787, and Dalechamp 1195 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ s. pyramidalis ” by Lapeyrouse fi. i.
pl. II ; was observed by Hooker on Iceland; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus; is known to grow in
Lapland, Norway, and Sweden (Fries), on the Pyrenees (Lapeyr.), and on the Swiss Alps (Koch,
and A. Dec.).
“ The same year ” (Royle resourc. Ind.), a b o t a n i c g a r d e n first establislied at Pisa.
H i b i s c u s ( K e t m i a ) t r i o n u m of Equatorial Africa. A flowering annual known in Egypt as early
perhaps as this year : — observed by Forskal in Yemen (but no locality given), by him, and Delile,
in Lower Egypt. Farther North, was brought from Venice to Germany, and seeds were sent from
Nurimberg to Tragus ii. pl. 143 some years before 1552, and about the same time was seen growing
in Italy by Matthioli iv. pl. 63; is described also by Lobel, and Parkinson; is termed “ ketmia
vesicaria vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst. lo i ; “ h. africanus ” by Miller; is known to occur as a weed
in Carniolia and Italy (Scop., and Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated
ground from tlie Peloponnesus to Cyprus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America,
where it continues in gardens and from its quickly fading corolla is called f l c w e r - o f - a n - h o u r , has also
been found springing up spontaneously (A. Gray).
“ In this year ” (Spreng.), the Franciscans, Bartholem. Urbeyetanus and Angelus Palla luvena-
tiensis, publishing Commentaries on Mesue.
O n o p o r d o n a c a u l o n of the Mediterranean countries. The “ corona fratrum ” of Barptolomæus
Urbeueteranus and Angelus Palea, — is referred by Dodoens pempt. v. 5. 5 to a many-headed stemless
thistle observed by him in Spain, its vernacular name being a translation of the above : O. acaulon
is termed “ carduus orientalis acaulos incanus et tomentosus dentis leonis fo lio ” by Tournefort cor.
31 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, frequent and on the plain of
Modon very troublesome. “ O. Pyrenaicum,” observed among the Pyrenees by Lapeyrouse (Dec.
fl. fr.), is regarded by Chaubard as not distinct.
“ 1544. June loth ” (Alst,), at Spires, end of the session of the Diet : after a visit from Cliarles
V., who promised, That the general Council should be convened in Germany.
“ The same y e a r ” (Steinschneid. iii. 27), the Hebrew Pentateuch translated into Jewish-German
by Michael Adam, assisted by Paul Fagius. — The Translation was revised by Jehuda ben Moses
Naphtali sixteen years afterwards, and with subsequent additions “ became, and in some parts of
Poland and Russia continues to be a favourite book with women ; ” having “ produced a lasting effect
upon the Jews.”
A s early as this year (G. de la Vega, Herrera, and Acosta iv. 6 to 8), the silver mine of Potosi,
“ in S. Lat. 21° 40'” and at tlie elevation of “ seventeen thousand fee t” on the Andes, discovered by
a native named Hualpa.* For some time he secretly worked the v e in ,— but at length communicated
his discovery to the Spaniards, who commenced operations “ in April 1545,” as appears by
register.
“ IS4S> Dec. 13th ” (Blair, and Nicol.), after years of delay, the Twenty-first general ecclesiastical
Council convened at Trent by pope Paulus I II. — The Council continued in existence eighteen years,
until its concluding session “ Dec. 3d, 1563.”
A ’a s t u r t i u v i a m p h i b i u m of Northern Europe and Asia. The “ cleoma” herb of Octavius Hora-
tianus, growing in wet places and resembling “ sinapi ” — (Dod. pempt. iii. 4. 5), may be compared :
N. amphibium includes the “ sisymbrium a. aquaticum ” and “ s. a. terrestre ” o f Linnæus ; is termed
“ s. a. heterophyllum ” by Baumgarten, “ s. roripa” by Scopoli, “ eruca aquatica” and “ radicula
lancifolia” by Moench; was observed by Brotero i. 564 in Northern Portugal; by Scopoli, in Carniolia
; is known to grow throughout -iiiiddle and Northern Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 984, and Pers.) ; also
on Caucasus (Bieb.) ; and was ob.served by Thunberg in Japan.
“ 1546, Jan.” (Targ.), Montigiano publishing his Translation of Dioscorides, enumerating “ guaraguasco
femmina ” V e r b a s c u m n i g r u m , “ symphito petreo ” C o r i s M o n s p e l i e n s i s , “ terzanella ” A n a g
a l l i s M o n e l l i .
A t h a m a n t h a l i b a n o t i s of middle Europe. Umbelliferous, termed “ libanotide ” by Montigiano
— (Targ.), “ 1. Rivini ” by Baumgarten, “ 1. montana” by Allioni; described also by Gesner hort.
* P o l y l e p i s t o m e n t e l l a of the Peruvian Andes. . A graceful Sanguisorboid shrub or small tree
called by the natives “ qiienua” (Markh.) ; and Hualpa in chase of deer climbing the steep part of
the hill by catching hold of these shrubs, one of them gave way, disclosing native silver : — P. tomentella
is described by Wed de ll; was observed also by Markham edit. 368 to 388 on various parts of
the Peruvian Andes.
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